1、专业八级-211 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LISTENING COMPREHENS(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A MINI-LECTU(总题数：1，分数：60.00)Great Depression. The definition of great depression A. definition: a 1 depression B. place: America, triggered by 2 crash C. time: from 3 to late 1930s or early 1940s D. characteristics: t
2、he longest, 4 , deepest E. effect in every country: - 5 , tax revenue, profits and price dropped - 6 - cities were hit hard . The causes of great depression in 7 A. monetarist theory: - authorities“ 8 caused shrinking of the money supply - 9 descended into the great depression B. 10 - cause: a large
3、-scale loss of 11 - effect: a reduction in 12 C. some other theories - new classical macroeconomists: various 13 policies - Australian school of economist: 14 of money supply - Marxist: tendency of capitalism creating 15 （分数：60.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:
4、_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_三、SECTION B INTERVIEW(总题数：2，分数：40.00)（分数：20.00）A.It is time consuming.B.It cannot make bad work good.C.It costs a lot.D.It is not effective at all.A.It cuts wastage.B.It cuts cost.C.It saves time.D.It is easier to detect a fault.A.Raw materials.B.Sub-standard mate
5、rials.C.Standard materials.D.Low-cost materials.A.26% and 78%.B.62% and 87%.C.78% and 26%.D.87% and 62%.A.Cost.B.Appearance.C.Safety.D.Function.（分数：20.00）A.The product and the components.B.The raw materials and the production.C.The manufacturing process.D.The product and the manufacturing process.A.
6、65%.B.80%.C.23%.D.87%.A.Middle management.B.Top management.C.Quality control personnel.D.None.A.Quality control is indispensable.B.Quality control is a vital part of the manufacturing process.C.Quality control helps to ensure products competitive.D.Quality control will not add a lot to the cost.A.Lo
7、ss of costumers.B.Ruin of the reputation.C.Danger of lawsuits.D.Compensation costs.专业八级-211 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LISTENING COMPREHENS(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A MINI-LECTU(总题数：1，分数：60.00)Great Depression. The definition of great depression A. definition: a 1 depression B. place: America, trigg
8、ered by 2 crash C. time: from 3 to late 1930s or early 1940s D. characteristics: the longest, 4 , deepest E. effect in every country: - 5 , tax revenue, profits and price dropped - 6 - cities were hit hard . The causes of great depression in 7 A. monetarist theory: - authorities“ 8 caused shrinking
9、of the money supply - 9 descended into the great depression B. 10 - cause: a large-scale loss of 11 - effect: a reduction in 12 C. some other theories - new classical macroeconomists: various 13 policies - Australian school of economist: 14 of money supply - Marxist: tendency of capitalism creating
10、15 （分数：60.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：(severe) worldwide economic）解析： (severe) worldwide economic 听力原文 Great DepressionGood afternoon, today“s lecture is the first one of a series of lectures on Great Depression. We will first talk about the definition of Great Depression and then its causes. First, the Great
11、Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War . The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depressi
12、on of the 20th century, and is used in the 21st century as an example of how far the world“s economy can decline. The depression originated in the United States, triggered by the stock market crash of October 29, 1929 (known as Black Tuesday), but quickly spread to almost every country in the world.
13、 The Great Depression had devastating effects in virtually every country, rich or poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, and international trade plunged by half to two-thirds. Unemployment in the United States rose to 25%, and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities al
14、l around the world were hit hard, especially those dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries. Farming and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by approximately 60 percent. Facing plummeting demand with few alternate sources of jobs, areas dependent on prima
15、ry sector industries such as cash cropping, mining and logging suffered the most. Countries started to recover by the mid-1930s, but in many countries the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the start of World War . Second, I“d like to talk about the causes of Great Depression. The
16、re were multiple causes for the first downturn in 1929, including the structural weaknesses and specific events that turned it into a major depression and the way in which the downturn spread from country to country. In relation to the 1929 downturn, historians emphasize structural factors like mass
17、ive bank failures and the stock market crash, while economists point to Britain“s decision to return to the Gold Standard at pre-World War parities. We know recession cycles are thought to be a normal part of living in a world of inexact balances between supply and demand. What turns a usually mild
18、and short recession or “ordinary“ business cycle into an actual depression is a subject of debate and concern. Scholars have not agreed on the exact causes and their relative importance. The search for causes is closely connected to the question of how to avoid a future depression, and so the politi
19、cal and policy viewpoints of scholars are mixed into the analysis of historic events eight decades ago. The even larger question is whether it was largely a failure on the part of free markets or largely a failure on the part of government efforts to regulate interest rates, curtail widespread bank
20、failures, and control the money supply. Those who believe in a large role for the state in the economy believe it was mostly a failure of the free markets and those who believe in free markets believe it was mostly a failure of government that compounded the problem. Current theories may be broadly
21、classified into three main points of view. First there are the monetarists, who believe that the Great Depression started as an ordinary recession, but that significant policy mistakes by monetary authorities (especially the Federal Reserve), caused a shrinking of the money supply which greatly exac
22、erbated the economic situation, causing a recession to descend into the Great Depression. Related to this explanation are those who point to debt deflation causing those who borrow to owe ever more in real terms. Second, there are structural theories, most importantly Keynesian, but also including t
23、hose who point to the breakdown of international trade, and Institutional economists who point to underconsumption and overinvestment, namely, economic bubble, malfeasance by bankers and industrialists, or incompetence by government officials. The consensus viewpoint is that there was a large-scale
24、loss of confidence that led to a sudden reduction in consumption and investment spending. Once panic and deflation set in, many people believed they could make more money by keeping clear of the markets as prices dropped lower and a given amount of money bought ever more goods, exacerbating the drop
25、 in demand. Lastly, there are various other theories that downplay or reject the explanations of the Keynesian and monetarists. For example, some new classical macroeconomists have argued that various labor market policies imposed at the start caused the length and severity of the Great Depression.
26、The Austrian school of economics focuses on the macroeconomic effects of money supply, and how central banking decisions can lead to overinvestment. The Marxist critique of political economy emphasizes the tendency of capitalism to create unbalanced accumulations of wealth, leading to overaccumulati
27、on of capital and a repeating cycle of devaluations through economic crises. Marx saw recession and depression as unavoidable under free-market capitalism as there are no restrictions on accumulations of capital other than the market itself. To conclude my lecture, we can say that the Great Depressi
28、on once had a really devastating effect worldwide. Though there are multiple causes for the Great Depression, the current theories may be broadly classified into three main points of view. The monetarists believe that the Great Depression started as an ordinary recession, which was afterward exacerb
29、ated by monetary authorities“ policy mistakes. The second viewpoint lies with those structural theories, most importantly Keynesian. They believe that there was a large-scale loss of confidence that led to a sudden reduction in consumption and investment spending. Finally, we also listed some other
30、theories that downplay or reject the explanations of the Keynesian and monetarists, such as those presented by the new classical macroeconomists, the Austrian school of economics, the Marxists, etc. 解析 细节题：根据讲座原文“First, the Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade pr
31、eceding World war . ”可以直接得出答案，这里的关键词为worldwide和 economic，此处要注意单词的拼写。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：(the)stock market）解析： (the)stock market解析 细节题。讲座中提到：The depression originated in the United States, triggered by the stock market crash of October 29, 1929 (known as Black Tuesday), but quickly spread to almost every
32、country in the world. 经济危机的导火索是美国股市的暴跌。因此答案为 stock market。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：1929）解析： 1929解析 细节题。讲座中提到：The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s. 经济危机爆发于 1929年。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：most widespread）解析：
33、 most widespread解析 归总题。It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the 20th century, and is used in the 21st century as an example of how far the world“s economy can decline. 这次经济危机的特点是时间最长、范围最广、影响最深远。因此答案为most widespread。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：personal income）解析： personal income解析 细节题。讲座
34、提到经济大萧条对各国的影响第一条就是个人收入严重缩水：Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, and international trade plunged by half to two-thirds. 因此答案是 personal income。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：unemployment rose）解析： unemployment rose解析 要点题。Unemployment in the United States rose to 25%, and in some countries rose as
35、high as 33%. 经济危机导致失业率上升。因此答案是 unemployment rose。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：current theories）解析： current theories解析 归总题。讲座提到经济危机爆发的原因，由现代理论解释的话有三个版本，包括货币主义者所持理论；结构理论及其他新古典宏观经济学家等所持的观点：Current theories may be broadly classified into three main points of view. 这里的归纳词主要是 current theories，缺一不可。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：policy
36、 mistakes）解析： policy mistakes解析 要点题。讲座提到：First there are the monetarists, who believe that the Great Depression started as an ordinary recession, but that significant policy mistakes by monetary authorities (especially the Federal Reserve), caused a shrinking of the money supply which greatly exacer
37、bated the economic situation, causing a recession to descend into the Great Depression. 第一种理论认为政府错误的货币政策是导致经济危机的原因。因此答案是 policy mistakes。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：an ordinary recessio）解析： an ordinary recession解析 细节题。讲座提到货币主义者认为 Great Depression原本只是普通的经济衰退，是错误的货币政策使得经济危机愈演愈烈，最终变成一场灾难深重的经济大萧条：.who believe that t
38、he Great Depression started as an ordinary recession.causing a recession to descend into the Great Depression. 因此此处的答案是 an ordinary recession。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：structural theories）解析： structural theories解析 要点题。讲座提到：Second, there are structural theories, most importantly Keynesian, but also including th
39、ose who point to the breakdown of international trade, and Institutional economists.因此答案是 structural theories，这是第二种理论。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：confidence）解析： confidence解析 细节题。讲座提到：The consensus viewpoint is that there was a large-scale loss of confidence that led to a sudden reduction in consumption and inves
40、tment spending. 可见大范围对经济失去信心是经济危机的起因，因此答案为 confidence。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：consumption and investment）解析： consumption and investment解析 归总题。根据讲座原文“The consensus viewpoint is that there was a large-scale loss of confidence that led to a sudden reduction in consumption and investment spending. ”可知由于对经济丧失信心导致
41、购买力与投资的暴跌，因此答案是 consumption and investment，两个关键词缺一不可。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：labor market）解析： labor market解析 细节题。根据讲座原文“.some new classical macroeconomists have argued that various labor market policies imposed at the start caused the length and severity of the Great Depression. ”可知也有学者认为经济危机初始时制定的多种劳动力市场政策也
42、使得经济危机进一步恶化，因此空格内需填入的是 labor market。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：macroeconomic effects）解析： macroeconomic effects解析 细节题。讲座中提到：The Austrian school of economics focuses on the macroeconomic effects of money supply, and how central banking decisions can lead to overinvestment. 即奥地利学派关注的是货币供应的宏观经济效应，因此此题答案为macroeconom
43、ic effects。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：unbalanced wealth accumulatio）解析： unbalanced wealth accumulation解析 归总题。讲座提到马克思主义者认为资本主义的发展使得财富积累变得不均衡，最终导致资本的过度积累，并通过经济危机重复周期性贬值：The marxist critique of political economy emphasizes the tendency of capitalism to create unbalanced accumulations of wealth, leading to overaccu
44、mulations of capital and a repeating cycle of devaluations through economic crises. 因此答案是 unbalanced wealth accumulation，不均衡的财富积累。 三、SECTION B INTERVIEW(总题数：2，分数：40.00)（分数：20.00）A.It is time consuming.B.It cannot make bad work good. C.It costs a lot.D.It is not effective at all.解析：听力原文 I: Good morni
45、ng, ladies and gentlemen. Today we are greatly honored to have Mr. Alan Gibbons, an inspector from the Australian Industrial Bureau to introduce us an important stage in the production process-quality control. Well, Alan. A: Good morning everyone. I: Alan, it is believed that an effective quality co
46、ntrol system amounts to an inspection of the finished product. Is that right? A: It is true in certain aspects. However, it has got problems. The main drawback with a finished product inspection is that it is an “after the act“ operation. You know, no amount of inspection can make bad work good at t
47、his stage. I: Then when is the ideal time for quality control? A: Most large scale manufacturers consider quality control to be an ongoing process. The advantages of this are considerable. It cuts wastage, it saves time, as no hours are lost on work done on already defective items, and perhaps most
48、importantly, it is easier to detect a fault, when the product is still at the component stage. I: That“s reasonable. So what should quality control begin with? A: Well, usually with raw materials. If the materials are of sub-standard materials there is no point in processing them. More to the point, sub-standard materials can be returned to the
