1、专业八级-184 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PROOFREADDING & ERRO(总题数：4，分数：100.00)Excessive calories from sugar can contribute to weight problems, and sugar is also well known for its ability to promote teeth decay. Too many calories from fat have also 1 taken their toll from the public“s health. In 1988,
2、the U.S. 2 surgeon general issued a report linking high levels of fat intake to an increased risk for obesity. Obesity is a risk factor for high bloody pressure, stroke, 3 and diabetes. Research has also shown a relationship between high levels of fat in the diet and cancer. In addition, scientists
3、have linked some types of fat to high blood cholesterol levels, which must lead to heart disease. Such reports 4 have prompted health experts and nutritionists to recommend that adults and children over age 2 not only watch their sugar intake but also to limit their fat intake to a 5 maximum of 30%
4、of their complete calories. This has encouraged 6 many people to turn to products made with fat and sugar substitutes. Low-calorie sugar substitutes have been around for decades, but the recent trend in eating “light“ has created a boom in this branch of food-technology research. Today, food chemist
5、s are seeking for better substitutes by 7 modifying existing foods, searching for new compounds in nature, and concoct entirely new substances. But the 8 research process is complicated by our incomplete understanding of how the human body interacts with the chemicals we eat. For example, scientists
6、 do not already know exactly 9 why some substances taste sweet. Other questions involve the safe and usefulness of artificial fats and sweeteners. 10 （分数：25.00）Several analogies have been used to explain human memory, the construct used to count for the way one 11 experiences at one point in time in
7、fluence behavior at a later point in time. Plato, for example, suggested memory was analogous to the impression of messages on wax written 12 tablets. For Plato, writing on the tablet represented learning something new. The tablet itself was the memory store, and reading the tablets later was analog
8、ous to try to recall the 13 stored information. Like the writing on a wax surface, with the passing of time, memories became less clear. Unfortunately, Plato“s analogy loses an important characteristic of 14 memory, namely that it is selective. On way of contrast, one 15 always has access to the inf
9、ormation on the tablet, unless all or part of it is destroyed. Another analogy is of memory and a hologram. A hologram is a device which stores a three dimensional record of a scene using photography with a laser light. If part of the holographic plate is missing, it is 16 possible to reconstruct th
10、e image with the parts of the plate that remains. Experiences or knowledge can also be recalled 17 using incomplete memories. Other analogies involve artificial methods of storing information, too. The comparison of the mind to a computer is attractive just since it emphasizes 18 the ability of huma
11、n memory to recall information quickly, and the same objection stated above with regard to Plato“s 19 hypothesis apply to here. 20 （分数：25.00）One major obstacle to economic development is population growth. The populations of most developing countries grew 21 at a rate much faster than that of indust
12、rialized countries. 22 One reason for this growth is the high crude birth-ratethe number of alive births per 1,000 people. In some developing 23 countries, the population is so large that it is barely enough 24 futile land and other resources to support it. Many less 25 developed countries depend ex
13、tensively on agriculture, adding to the problem. In these countries, an incentive to having 26 many children exists. Most farms are worked by families, and children can work in the fields at an early age. More children mean more workers. In addition, having many children 27 ensures the parents that
14、someone will look after them in their old age. Another problem for developing countries is increasing life expectancythe average remaining lifetime for persons who reach a certain age. Better education, international aid, and emphasis on health-care facilities help people live longer. A high life ex
15、pectancy coupled with a high crude birthrate make it difficult to increase per capita GNP. 28 Finally, people have different views on what is the proper rate of population growth. Some feel that the earth is too crowded already and societies should work for zero population 29 growththe condition in
16、which the average number of births and deaths balances so that a population stops growing. 30 Others feel that population growth is a natural event and that efforts to disrupt it are morally and religiously wrong.（分数：25.00）Dinosaurs, saber-tooth tigers and the dodo bird are 31 famous examples of ani
17、mals that have become extinct. In case of the dinosaurs, it seems likely that a catastrophic 32 event alters the global climate enough to lead to their 33 disappearance. More recent extinctions and near-extinctionssuch as the blue whales, tiger, panda, and North American 34 bisonhave been the direct
18、 result of human activity. By the early 1990s, species were becoming extinct at a rate of three per hour, or 27,000 every yeara figure quoted by the American biologist Edward O. Wilson of Harvard University, based on his most conservative estimates. This rate of extinctions carries with it some terr
19、ible consequences. Each plant that becomes extinct, for example, may take with it as much as 30 insects and animals that depend on it for food. 35 Habitat loss is one of the most important causes of extinction. For rising populations in many countries lead to the 36 clearing of more land, habitats s
20、uch as raining forests and 37 grasslands disappear. In the East Africa, once renowned for its wildlife, few 38 wild animals remain living outside the boundaries of 39 national parks and game reserves. In other parts of the world, coastal ecosystems are clearing for development. Wetland 40 areas are
21、drying out as a result of water extraction to support farming and tourism. Bird species are among the worst affected by the loss of wetlands.（分数：25.00）专业八级-184 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PROOFREADDING & ERRO(总题数：4，分数：100.00)Excessive calories from sugar can contribute to weight problems, and sugar
22、is also well known for its ability to promote teeth decay. Too many calories from fat have also 1 taken their toll from the public“s health. In 1988, the U.S. 2 surgeon general issued a report linking high levels of fat intake to an increased risk for obesity. Obesity is a risk factor for high blood
23、y pressure, stroke, 3 and diabetes. Research has also shown a relationship between high levels of fat in the diet and cancer. In addition, scientists have linked some types of fat to high blood cholesterol levels, which must lead to heart disease. Such reports 4 have prompted health experts and nutr
24、itionists to recommend that adults and children over age 2 not only watch their sugar intake but also to limit their fat intake to a 5 maximum of 30% of their complete calories. This has encouraged 6 many people to turn to products made with fat and sugar substitutes. Low-calorie sugar substitutes h
25、ave been around for decades, but the recent trend in eating “light“ has created a boom in this branch of food-technology research. Today, food chemists are seeking for better substitutes by 7 modifying existing foods, searching for new compounds in nature, and concoct entirely new substances. But th
26、e 8 research process is complicated by our incomplete understanding of how the human body interacts with the chemicals we eat. For example, scientists do not already know exactly 9 why some substances taste sweet. Other questions involve the safe and usefulness of artificial fats and sweeteners. 10
27、（分数：25.00）解析：teethtooth解析 名词直接作前置修饰语时，应该用单数形式。解析：(toll)fromon解析 take one“s toll on somebody/something 的意思是“使得受损失、对产生不良影响”，如：The terrible weather took its toll on my health.恶劣的天气对我的健康产生了(不良)影响。解析：bloodyblood解析 bloody 和 blood都可以作为定语修饰名词，但是 bloody的意思是“血腥的”，如 bloody killer，blood 的意思是“血液的”，如 blood pressu
28、re，blood brother 等。解析：mustmay/can解析 must 的推测性用法表示“一定是、一定会”，说话者对所作出的推测十分有把握，一般来说，上下文或语境应该有足够的线索，才可以恰当地使用 must，否则可能会造成语义上的不恰当。这里，上下文并没有说这些类型的脂肪和心脏病有必然的联系，所以用 must是不恰当的，应该用 can或 may合适。解析：to(limit)/解析 but also 和前面的 not only构成并列结构，所以动词应该是不带 to的不定式。解析：completetotal解析 原文的意思是“摄入的卡路里的总量”，表示数量上的总数应该用total，com
29、plete 往往侧重于程度、组成部分的完整性。解析：for/解析 seek 是及物动词，直接跟宾语，要和 look for区分开来。解析：concoctconcocting解析 动词 concoct通过连词 and和前面的 modifying、searching 并列，所以应该是-ing 分词。解析：alreadyyet解析 这是一个否定句，所以应该用 yet。解析：safesafety解析 safe 是形容词，它作为名词的意思是“保险箱”，所以应该改成 safety。Several analogies have been used to explain human memory, the c
30、onstruct used to count for the way one 11 experiences at one point in time influence behavior at a later point in time. Plato, for example, suggested memory was analogous to the impression of messages on wax written 12 tablets. For Plato, writing on the tablet represented learning something new. The
31、 tablet itself was the memory store, and reading the tablets later was analogous to try to recall the 13 stored information. Like the writing on a wax surface, with the passing of time, memories became less clear. Unfortunately, Plato“s analogy loses an important characteristic of 14 memory, namely
32、that it is selective. On way of contrast, one 15 always has access to the information on the tablet, unless all or part of it is destroyed. Another analogy is of memory and a hologram. A hologram is a device which stores a three dimensional record of a scene using photography with a laser light. If
33、part of the holographic plate is missing, it is 16 possible to reconstruct the image with the parts of the plate that remains. Experiences or knowledge can also be recalled 17 using incomplete memories. Other analogies involve artificial methods of storing information, too. The comparison of the min
34、d to a computer is attractive just since it emphasizes 18 the ability of human memory to recall information quickly, and the same objection stated above with regard to Plato“s 19 hypothesis apply to here. 20 （分数：25.00）解析：countaccount解析 account 和 count由于形近容易混淆。account 是“说明、认为”的意思，count是“计算”的意思。accoun
35、t for 是“解释、说明”的意思，如：How do you account for the company“s large expenditure?解析：writtenwriting解析 written 和 writing都可以作定语修饰名词，written 是指“书面的”，如 written language、written application 等，writing 的意思是“用于书写的”，如 writing desk、writing machine 等。文中的意思是“用于书写的板”，所以应该说 writing tablet。解析：trytrying解析 be analogous to
36、的意思是“和类似”，to 是介词，后面跟名词或-ing分词，所以应该用 trying。解析：losesmisses解析 miss 和 lose的意思由于受到中文的影响而容易混淆，它们是有很大区别的。动词 miss有“错过、没有注意到”的意思，如：Your paper seems to have missed a very important point. 而 lose的意思是“丢失”，不知道某件物品在哪里。解析：OnBy解析 way 的词组很多，要熟悉一些常用的词组。如：by way of(作为)，in the way(挡路)，on the way(在路上)。解析：IfEven if解析 要理
37、解两个分句的关系，句子的意思是即使有一部分信息丢失了，还是可以根据余下的部分重构图像，所以应该用 even if。解析：remainsremain解析 关系分句 that remain的先行词是 the parts of the plate，中心词是parts，所以动词应该用 remain。解析：just/或 sincebecause解析 原因状语分句可以用 because，since，as，for 来引导，只有because前可以再用副词修饰起强调的作用，如 just because，not because，only because 等。解析：andbut解析 前一个分句说这种比较是非常吸引
38、人的，而后一个分句讲到人们对它的批评，所以前后是一个转折关系。解析：(apply)to/解析 apply 在这里是“适用”的意思，如果后面是名词，那么应该说 apply to something/somebody，如果后面是副词则直接用不及物动词 apply。One major obstacle to economic development is population growth. The populations of most developing countries grew 21 at a rate much faster than that of industrialized co
39、untries. 22 One reason for this growth is the high crude birth-ratethe number of alive births per 1,000 people. In some developing 23 countries, the population is so large that it is barely enough 24 futile land and other resources to support it. Many less 25 developed countries depend extensively o
40、n agriculture, adding to the problem. In these countries, an incentive to having 26 many children exists. Most farms are worked by families, and children can work in the fields at an early age. More children mean more workers. In addition, having many children 27 ensures the parents that someone wil
41、l look after them in their old age. Another problem for developing countries is increasing life expectancythe average remaining lifetime for persons who reach a certain age. Better education, international aid, and emphasis on health-care facilities help people live longer. A high life expectancy co
42、upled with a high crude birthrate make it difficult to increase per capita GNP. 28 Finally, people have different views on what is the proper rate of population growth. Some feel that the earth is too crowded already and societies should work for zero population 29 growththe condition in which the a
43、verage number of births and deaths balances so that a population stops growing. 30 Others feel that population growth is a natural event and that efforts to disrupt it are morally and religiously wrong.（分数：25.00）解析：grewgrow解析 这里说的是发展中国家的现状，所以应该用一般现在时。解析：thatthose解析 代词 that的先行词是 populations，是复数，所以应该改
44、成 those。解析：alivelive解析 破折号后面的内容解释 crude birth-rate，是每一千人中活的出生人口，那么 birth前面的定语应该用 live，表示“活的”，如：a live mouse(一只活老鼠)。alive 不能作前置定语。也不能用 living，living 的意思是“(现在)活着的(人)”，如：living old people, the living image, the living等。解析：itthere解析 that 后面是一个存在句，所以应该把 it改成 there。解析：futilefertile解析 futile 和 fertile混淆的话，
45、意思就完全不对了。前者是“无用的、没有结果的”，如 futile effort，futile discussion 等，后者是“肥沃的、有成果的”，如：fertile land，fertile fish 等。解析：havinghave解析 an incentive to 的意思是“有(做某事的)动力”，to 为不定式符号，后接动词原形，如：There is no incentive for him to work hard.解析：meanmeans解析 虽然主语 more children看起来是复数，但是这只表示一个现象“孩子多”，在意义上是单数，所以根据意义一致原则谓语动词应当用单数形式。
46、类似的例子还有：Fifty dollars is a large sum for a child.解析：makemakes解析 尽管主语是 a high life expectancy coupled with a high crude birthrate，但是它的中心词是 a high life expectancy，所以谓语动词应该是第三人称单数形式。解析：andthat解析 分句 societies should work for zero population growth是动词 feel的宾语，通过 and和前面 that引导的宾语从句并列，所以这里的 that不能省略。解析：bal
47、ancesbalance解析 这一题有一定难度。主语是 the average number of births and deaths，那么它是单数吗?仔细分析，我们会发现，并不是介词词组 of births and deaths修饰名词中心词 the average number，因为不可能把出生人数和死亡人数的总数加起来算平均数，而应该是出生人数的平均数和死亡人数的平均数，所以主语其实是一个省略的并列结构，完整的应该是 the average number of births and the average number of deaths，所以谓语动词应该是复数。Dinosaurs, s
48、aber-tooth tigers and the dodo bird are 31 famous examples of animals that have become extinct. In case of the dinosaurs, it seems likely that a catastrophic 32 event alters the global climate enough to lead to their 33 disappearance. More recent extinctions and near-extinctionssuch as the blue whal
49、es, tiger, panda, and North American 34 bisonhave been the direct result of human activity. By the early 1990s, species were becoming extinct at a rate of three per hour, or 27,000 every yeara figure quoted by the American biologist Edward O. Wilson of Harvard University, based on his most conservative estimates. This rate of extinctions carries with it some terrible consequences. Each plant that becomes extinct, for example, may take with it as much as 30 insects and animals that depe
