1、专业八级-181 (1)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART LISTENIN(总题数：1，分数：10.00)BHumanities Disciplines/B In many peoples eyes, the humanities disciplines seem to be dying out. However, actually, students continue to enroll in humanities courses and lots of scholarship is still published. The humanities disc
2、iplines feel dislocated, because they appear to have lost their (1) _. (1) _ And the most important one is exactly what those roots were. The history of higher education in the United States since (2) _ can (2) _ be divided into 2 periods. B. The first period (19451975):/B A period of (3) _ and know
3、n in the literature on American (3) _ education as the Golden Age, during which the composition of the higher education system changed not too much, but the size of the system (4) _ dramatically. (4) _ This expansion includes three factors: 1) The baby boom: a period of record (5) _ that followed a
4、period of (5) _ record low birth ratesthe (6) _ and the Second World War; (6) _ 2) The relatively high domestic economic growth rate after (7) _; (7) _ 3) The Cold War: American university had been drawn into the business of government-related (8) _ research during the Second World War. (8) _ B. The
5、 second period (1975present)/B A period of (9) _, during which the size of the system has grown at a much (9) _ more (10) _ pace, and the composition has changed dramatically. (10) _（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_二、BSECTION B/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Questions
6、 1 to 5 are based on an interview with a chief, editor. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following questions. Now listen to the interview.（分数：5.00）(1).The interviewees first job was with _.（分数：1.00）A.a newspaperB.the governmentC.a construction firmD.a pr
7、ivate company(2).The interviewee is not self-employed mainly because _.（分数：1.00）A.his wife likes him to work for a firmB.he prefers working for the governmentC.self-employed work is very demandingD.self-employed work is sometimes insecure(3).To study architecture in a university one must _.（分数：1.00）
8、A.be interested in artsB.study pure science firstC.get good exam resultsD.be good at drawing(4).On the subject of drawing the interviewee says that _.（分数：1.00）A.technically speaking artists draw very wellB.an artists drawing differs little from an architectsC.precision is a vital skill for the archi
9、tectD.architects must be natural artists(5).The interviewee says that the job of an architect is _.（分数：1.00）A.more theoretical than practicalB.to produce sturdy, well-designed buildingsC.more practical than theoreticalD.to produce attractive, interesting buildings三、BSECTION C/B(总题数：2，分数：5.00)IQuesti
10、ons 6 (6) _ 2) The relatively high domestic economic growth rate after (7) _; (7) _ 3) The Cold War: American university had been drawn into the business of government-related (8) _ research during the Second World War. (8) _ B. The second period (1975present)/B A period of (9) _, during which the s
11、ize of the system has grown at a much (9) _ more (10) _ pace, and the composition has changed dramatically. (10) _（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：philosophical roots）解析：听力原文1-10 BHumanities Disciplines/B Good morning, everyone. Today we are going to talk about humanities disciplines. Many people say that th
12、e humanities disciplines have collapsed, but for the most part they do not say this with a huge amount of anxiety. Students continue to enroll in humanities courses; they continue to go to graduate schools so that they can some day teach humanities courses themselves, and a great deal of scholarship
13、 is still published. It is comforting to assume that as long as these conditions obtain, the disciplinary situation will shake itself out. I have no idea whether or not the complacent attitude will prove to be the wise attitude, though it often does. I do think, however, that the humanities discipli
14、nes are facing a crisis of rationale, and sooner or later crises of rationale can lead to crises of funding, and those, at least, are serious. The humanities occupy only a corner of the higher education marketplace, but it has historically been a very prestigious corner. Although no one is likely to
15、 take the trouble to cut the humanities disciplines off, there is some fear that the action, including the funding, is moving into areas of teaching and research that can demonstrate a more obvious market utility. The humanities disciplines don t seem to be dying out, but they do feel dislocated. Th
16、ey are institutionally insecure because they appear to have lost their philosophical roots. The question I attempt to address is exactly what those roots were in the first place. The history of higher education in the United States since the Second World War can be divided into two periods. The firs
17、t period, from 1945 to 1975, was a period of expansion. The composition of the higher education system remained more or less the same-in certain respects, the system became more uniform-but the size of the system increased dramatically. This is the period known in the literature on American educatio
18、n as the Golden Age. The second period, from 1975 to the present, has not been honored with a special name. It is a period not of expansion, but of diversification. Since 1975, the size of the system has grown at a much more modest pace, but the composition-who is taught, who does the teaching, and
19、what they teach-has changed dramatically. You cannot understand the second phase, the phase the university is in now, unless you understand the first. In the Golden Age, between 1945 and 1975, the number of American undergraduates increased by almost 500 percent and the number of graduate students i
20、ncreased by nearly 900 percent. Three external factors account for this expansion: the first was the baby boom; the second was the relatively high domestic economic growth rate after 1948; and the third was the Cold War. What is sometimes forgotten about the baby boom is that it was a period of reco
21、rd high birth rates that followed a period of record low birth rates-the Depression and the Second World War. When Americans began reproducing at the rate of four million births a year, beginning in 1946, it represented a sharp spike on the chart. The system had grown accustomed to abnormally small
22、demographic cohorts. The role played by the Cold War in the expansion of higher education is well known. The American university had been drawn into the business of government-related scientific research during the Second World War. At the time of the First World War, scientific research for militar
23、y purposes had been carried out by military personnel, so-called “soldier scientists“. Then there was an idea to contract this work out to research universities, scientific institutes, and independent private laboratories instead. In 1945 was organized the publication of a report, Science-The Endles
24、s Frontier, which became the standard argument for government subvention of basic science in peacetime, and which launched the collaboration between American universities and the national government. Bush is the godfather of the system known as contract overhead the practice of billing granting agen
25、cies of indirect costs, an idea to which many humanists owe their careers. Then, in 1957, came Sputnik. Though it had the size and lethal potential of a beach ball, Sputnik stirred up a panic in the United States. Among the responses (including, possibly, the election of John F. Kennedy in 1960) was
26、 the passage of the National Defense Education Act of 1958. The Act put the federal government, for the first time, into the business of subsidizing higher education directly, rather than through government contracts for specific research. Before 1958, public support had been administered at the sta
27、te level.填空项 1:_ （正确答案：World War II）解析：填空项 1:_ （正确答案：expansion）解析：填空项 1:_ （正确答案：increased）解析：填空项 1:_ （正确答案：high birth rates）解析：填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Depression）解析：填空项 1:_ （正确答案：1948）解析：填空项 1:_ （正确答案：scientific）解析：填空项 1:_ （正确答案：diversification）解析：填空项 1:_ （正确答案：modest）解析：二、BSECTION B/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Questions
28、 1 to 5 are based on an interview with a chief, editor. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following questions. Now listen to the interview.（分数：5.00）(1).The interviewees first job was with _.（分数：1.00）A.a newspaperB.the government C.a construction firmD.a p
29、rivate company解析：听力原文1-5 A: So, you re an architect? B: Yes. A: Do you work for a public or private organisation, or are you self-employed, that is, working on your own? B: I m working for a private design and construction company. A: How did you start your career? B: I started with the government.
30、A: Oh, did you? What made you decide to work for the government? B: Well, it was a matter of chance really. I saw an advertisement for a vacant position in a newspaper, and I thought “Why don t you try it.9“ In fact, I have no preferences to where I work, public or private. A: And do you still have
31、this idea, or. B: More or less, yes, although I m now working for a private firm, I worked for the government for about three years. It was alright. Of course there s the bureaucracy one has to put up with, but it s not that bad, if you don t mind bureaucratic wheels turning slowly, and things not b
32、eing as efficient. A: Ah-ah. And what made you leave the public sector? B: Money mainly. You see, I got married, and my wife doesnt work, and we wanted to start a family right away. So we thought it might be better off if I moved to the private sector. This is why it s hard for me to be self-employe
33、d because self-employed work has the disadvantage that there may be time, or a period of time when you re unemployed. A: I see, so did you join this company straight away or. B: No, I worked for, in a couple of private firms before I came to this one. A: Hmm, hmm. Now what qualifications does one ha
34、ve to become an architect? B: Well, youve got to have a degree in architecture. That means before you apply to study architecture in any university, you have to pass exams, usually three A-levels with good results. Also you generally have to study sciences at school rather than arts, as the basis fo
35、r the subject to be studied at university level, although when you really get down to it, the subject involves some aspects of arts too. Then you need between six and seven years to work through, by the end of which you usually sit for the final examination. A: So you mean to take up architecture, o
36、ne has to have a scientific background? B: Well, yes, mainly scientific, but it helps if you have some general arts background too. You know, architecture is not a pure science. A: Now, if one wants to take up architecture, one has got to be able to draw? Is that really true? B: Well, it is true tha
37、t the work of an architect involves a lot of drawing, and to be an architect you must be able to draw. But this doesnt mean that if you can t at present draw, you won t have the opportunity to be an architect, because you can be taught to draw. In fact drawing in architecture is different from drawi
38、ng in art. An artist s drawing must be good in the sense that it gives a certain impression in the mind of the viewer, in fact some famous artists can t draw very well at ail, at least not from a technical point of view. On the other hand, an architect s drawing must be accurate. So I d say that acc
39、uracy of the drawings is what we aim at, what s important. A: Now what qualities do you think make a good architect, apart from being accurate in his drawings? B: Well, I m not sure if I can generalise about that. You see architecture is a mixture of theory and practice. So I suppose a good architec
40、t should be good at both. An architect s work is good in as much as the construction is built precisely as the theory requires, so that it doesnt collapse or can t be used after a period of time because it s dangerous. I don t mean a well-built construction will last forever, but it s predictable th
41、at if the building is constructed in a certain way, or with certain materials, we can say how long it will last, provided that there s no other factor. A: Such as? B: Er, for example, an earthquake, or if the ground level sinks which may destroy it. So that s one part of being a good architect to de
42、sign a construction which is attractive and will last a long time. A: Right, so, that s the theory side. Now what about the practical aspect? B: Yes, the practical side concerns I d say, the use of the structure you design. If you design a house, the people who live in it later on, must be happy liv
43、ing in it. Er, a college student shouldnt think to himself oh, I d rather be study. I d rather study in the library, my bedrooms too cold because the ceiling seems to be too high, and the windows too big. Or say, when somebody s cooking in the kitchen, the smell of the food shouldnt disturb somebody
44、 who s still in bed. The bathroom should be situated for everyone s convenience, but while it s being used the noise shouldnt disturb anyone. So you see these practical things which give you comfort apart from serving the purpose of the construction whatever it may be, a school, a hospital, a hotel
45、and so on.(2).The interviewee is not self-employed mainly because _.（分数：1.00）A.his wife likes him to work for a firmB.he prefers working for the governmentC.self-employed work is very demandingD.self-employed work is sometimes insecure 解析：(3).To study architecture in a university one must _.（分数：1.00
46、）A.be interested in artsB.study pure science firstC.get good exam results D.be good at drawing解析：(4).On the subject of drawing the interviewee says that _.（分数：1.00）A.technically speaking artists draw very wellB.an artists drawing differs little from an architectsC.precision is a vital skill for the
47、architect D.architects must be natural artists解析：(5).The interviewee says that the job of an architect is _.（分数：1.00）A.more theoretical than practicalB.to produce sturdy, well-designed buildings C.more practical than theoreticalD.to produce attractive, interesting buildings解析：三、BSECTION C/B(总题数：2，分数：5.00)IQuestions 6 & 7 are based on the following news item. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question. Now listen to the news./I（分数：2.00）(1).OPEC increased its pr
