1、专业八级-172 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PROOFREADDING & ERRO(总题数：4，分数：100.00)What is brain plasticity? Does it mean that our brains are made of plastic? Of course not. Plasticity, or neuroplasticity, is the lifelong ability of the brain to reorganize neural pathways based in new experiences. As we lea
2、rn, 1 we acquire new knowledge and skills through instruction or experience. In order to learn or memorize a fact or skill, there must be persistent functional changes in the brain that represents the new knowledge. The ability of the brain to 2 change with learning is that is known as neuroplastici
3、ty. 3 To illustrate the concept of plasticity, imagine the film of a camera. Pretend that the film represents your brain. Now imagine using the camera to take a picture of the tree. When 4 a picture is taken, the film is exposed to new informationthat of the image of a tree. In order the image to be
4、 retained, 5 the film must respond to the light and change to record the 6 image of the tree. Still, in order for new knowledge to be 7 retained in memory, changes in the brain representing the new knowledge must happen. 8 To illustrate plasticity in another way, imagine making an impression of a co
5、in in a lump of clay. In order for the impression of the coin to appear in the clay, changes must occur in the claythe shape of the clay changes as the coin is pressing into the clay. Similarly, the neural circuitry in 9 the brain must reorganize in return to experience or sensory 10 stimulation.（分数
6、：25.00）The pearl is a lustrous rounded gem formed inside a mollusk (软体动物). Since pearls may be formed by any 11 shelled mollusk, the most valuable pearls are obtained from the oysters. Except for imitation pearls, which are entirely 12 man-made, all pearls are formed from a secretion (分泌物) around an
7、 irritating body that enters the soft tissue of a 13 mollusk. If an irritating body enters the mollusk by accident, a natural pearl forms. A cultured pearl forms if the irritating body is deliberately placed in the mollusk by the man. 14 Unlike to other gems, pearls have a natural luster, and 15 the
8、y do not need to be polished. Although they are usually white or cream-colored, they may also be any shade of pink, yellow, green, grey, or black. The most desirable pearls are white with a creamy or pinkish cast. Black pearls are also very valuable because of their scarce. 16 Imitation pearls are o
9、ften made to appearing very similar 17 to natural pearls. Moreover, they do not have the luster 18 of natural or cultured pearls. Another way of distinguishing between imitation and natural or cultured pearls is by gently rubbing the pearls through the surface of a tooth. Imitation 19 pearls feel sm
10、oothly, while natural or cultured pearls feel 20 rough.（分数：25.00）The present day African-American population, like many other ethic groups, is several generations removed from their 21 original land. However, many practices and habits have been 22 lost, dropped, stimulated, or modified. The greatest
11、 influence 23 on many African-American families is the lifestyle of their parents or grandparents who lived in the southern United States. Historically, African-American rites revolved food. The 24 popular term for African-American cooking is “soul food“. Many of these foods are rich with nutrients,
12、 as found in collard 25 greens and other leafy green and yellow vegetables. Other parts of the diet, however, are little in fiber, calcium, 26 and high in fat. With high incidence of diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and obesity, some African-Americans have paid a high cost for this lifestyle.
13、Economically disadvantaged families 27 may have no other choice but to eat what is available at low cost. Common ways for African-Americans to prepare for 28 food include frying, barbecuing, and serving foods with gravy and sauces. Homely baked cakes and pies are also common. Many 29 African-America
14、ns are Protestant and have no specific food restrictions. A large selection and variety of food is prepared and much attention is given to individual“s favorite dishes. Cultural diversity is a major issue in American eating. To fully understand the impact cultures play in American nutrition, he must
15、 study both food and culture. 30 （分数：25.00）Cultural pluralism is the dynamic by which minority groups participate fully in the dominant society, yet maintain its cultural differences. A pluralistic society is one 31 where different groups can interact while showing a certain degree of tolerance for
16、one another, where different cultures can coexist without major conflicts, and where minority cultures are encouraged to upholding their customs. 32 A Jewish philosophy professor, Horace Kallen, coins 33 the term “pluralism“ in the early 1900s. He was proud in 34 his country, and concerned for his b
17、eliefs and the beliefs of immigrants. He did not want to be assimilated by the majority. He felt that various distinguished cultures could offer a great contribution to progress than a single culture could. 35 Cultural pluralism is incompatible with biblical teaching 36 to some extent. The Bible doe
18、s teach absolute truth and claims exclusivity. This isn“t to say that anything outside the Bible is false. Take, for example, Confucius“ rule: “Do not do to others what you would not have them to do to 37 you.“ Obviously this is compatible with the Bibleit is a Biblical teaching! Another example: th
19、e rule of gravity is 38 not mentioned in the Bible but is true. These two rules are mentioned in places apart from the Bible and yet can coexist with Christian philosophy. The Bible does teach, however, that any doctrine that contradicts to the Bible is false. The 39 Bible tells us that murder is wr
20、ong, so Christians must be intolerable of murder. 40 （分数：25.00）专业八级-172 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PROOFREADDING & ERRO(总题数：4，分数：100.00)What is brain plasticity? Does it mean that our brains are made of plastic? Of course not. Plasticity, or neuroplasticity, is the lifelong ability of the brain to
21、reorganize neural pathways based in new experiences. As we learn, 1 we acquire new knowledge and skills through instruction or experience. In order to learn or memorize a fact or skill, there must be persistent functional changes in the brain that represents the new knowledge. The ability of the bra
22、in to 2 change with learning is that is known as neuroplasticity. 3 To illustrate the concept of plasticity, imagine the film of a camera. Pretend that the film represents your brain. Now imagine using the camera to take a picture of the tree. When 4 a picture is taken, the film is exposed to new in
23、formationthat of the image of a tree. In order the image to be retained, 5 the film must respond to the light and change to record the 6 image of the tree. Still, in order for new knowledge to be 7 retained in memory, changes in the brain representing the new knowledge must happen. 8 To illustrate p
24、lasticity in another way, imagine making an impression of a coin in a lump of clay. In order for the impression of the coin to appear in the clay, changes must occur in the claythe shape of the clay changes as the coin is pressing into the clay. Similarly, the neural circuitry in 9 the brain must re
25、organize in return to experience or sensory 10 stimulation.（分数：25.00）解析：inon解析 此题考查形容词和介词的搭配。形容词 based和介词 on而不是 in搭配，意思是“基于，以为基础”。解析：representsrepresent解析 关系分句中的动词和先行词的一致问题也是经常会涉及的考点。一般来说，应当首先判断先行词的中心词是什么。此句中先行词的中心词是 changes，是复数，所以关系分句的动词 represent应该用复数形式。解析：thatwhat解析 此题关键在于能否真正理解名词性从句。此句中主语补足语由名词性
26、从句充当，那么应该用哪一个代词作名词性从句的引导词呢?这取决于引导词在名词性从句中可充当什么成分。如果名词性从句本身是一个完整的陈述句，那么用 that引导。但是此句中，引导词充当的是从句的主语，所以应该用 what。解析：the(tree)a(tree)解析 此句中说“给一棵树拍照片”，“树”在前文中没有提及，这是文中首次提及，所以为非确定特指，只能用不定冠词。解析：orderfor解析 不难发现动词不定式 to be retained的逻辑主语是 the image，如果动词不定式带有自己的逻辑主语，这个逻辑主语通常由介词 for引导。解析：respondreact解析 respond 和
27、 react有相似之处，即都有前缀 re-，都和介词 to搭配。但是从含义上来说，两者是不一样的。respond 是指用行为或言语对别人的行为或言语作出响应或答复，而react是指因为某一个事件的发生而发生某种反应，有因果关系包含其中。句中说胶卷因为光线而产生某种反应，所以应该用 react。解析：StillSimilarly/Likewise解析 尽管 still是连接性副词，可以用于此处起到承上启下的作用，但是仔细分析，发现从逻辑上来说，是不合理的。前后两个句子实际上是在作类比，强调两者的相似之处，所以应该用表示相似的连接性副词 similarly或 likewise。解析：happeno
28、ccur解析 此题考查搭配是否符合英语表达习惯。happen 和 occur是同义词，在搭配上却有所不同。happen 的主语往往是模糊意义的词，如果主语是有确定含义的同，动词往往用 occur或take place。此句的主语 changes in the brain representing the new knowledge意思是确切的，所以用 occur更加符合英语表达习惯。解析：pressingpressed解析 此句中只要发现 coin和 press是被动关系就不难发现错误。解析：returnresponse/reaction/answer解析 return 一般和介词 for搭配
29、，in return for 的意思是“作为回报或回复”。如果把介词 to改成 for，意思便不对了，因为大脑回路必须重新组织，这是对经历或感官刺激的一种“回应”而不是“回报”。所以，此处应改为“reaction”，“response”或“answer”。The pearl is a lustrous rounded gem formed inside a mollusk (软体动物). Since pearls may be formed by any 11 shelled mollusk, the most valuable pearls are obtained from the oys
30、ters. Except for imitation pearls, which are entirely 12 man-made, all pearls are formed from a secretion (分泌物) around an irritating body that enters the soft tissue of a 13 mollusk. If an irritating body enters the mollusk by accident, a natural pearl forms. A cultured pearl forms if the irritating
31、 body is deliberately placed in the mollusk by the man. 14 Unlike to other gems, pearls have a natural luster, and 15 they do not need to be polished. Although they are usually white or cream-colored, they may also be any shade of pink, yellow, green, grey, or black. The most desirable pearls are wh
32、ite with a creamy or pinkish cast. Black pearls are also very valuable because of their scarce. 16 Imitation pearls are often made to appearing very similar 17 to natural pearls. Moreover, they do not have the luster 18 of natural or cultured pearls. Another way of distinguishing between imitation a
33、nd natural or cultured pearls is by gently rubbing the pearls through the surface of a tooth. Imitation 19 pearls feel smoothly, while natural or cultured pearls feel 20 rough.（分数：25.00）解析：SinceAlthough解析 第一个分句的意思是珍珠可以由任何带壳的软体动物形成，第二个分句的意思是最珍贵的珍珠是由牡蛎形成的。两个分句之间的逻辑关系显然并不是因果关系，而是让步关系，所以应该改成 Although。解析
34、：oystersoyster 或 the/解析 解答此题的关键在于看出这里的 oyster是类指。而定冠词 the加上复数名词从概念上来讲一定是特指。复数名词和零冠词搭配，或者定冠词修饰单数可数名词才是类指，所以这里应该删去 the，或者把 oysters改成 oyster。解析：anthe解析 此题仍然是考查名词的所指问题。这里的 irritating body在前一句中已经提到，所以此处应该是确定特指，那么必须用定冠词。解析：第二个 the/解析 “the man”的意思是确定特指，并不符合上下文的意思。其实本意是说“(任何一个)人”，指人类作为一个整体的类指，这时应该在 man的单数形式
35、前面加上零冠词。解析：to/或 UnlikeDissimilar解析 unlike 意思是“和不同”，它本身就是介词，所以不需要再加上介词 to；如果把 unlike改成形容词 dissimilar也可以。解析：scarcescarcity 或 theirscarcebeing 或 theirbeing解析 their 后面显然应该跟名词，而 scarce为形容词，意思是“缺乏的，不足的”，所以改成它的名词形式 scarcity，或者插入 being，或者把 their改为 being。解析：appearingappear解析 “be made”后面应该跟带 to的动词不定式作主语补足语。所以
36、这里的to并不是介词而是动词不定式的标志。解析：MoreoverHowever解析 moreover 是一个连接性副词，关键看它是否正确地连接了前后两个句子。前一个句子的意思是人造珍珠看起来和天然珍珠非常相似。后一个句子的意思是它们没有天然珍珠或养殖珍珠的光泽。两个句子的关系显然不是递进，而是转折的关系，所以应该用上另一个连接性副词however。解析：throughacross解析 此题辨析 through和 across。两个介词有相似之处，即都指“从的一端到的另一端”。但是 through通常是指“通过一个通道、开口、管道等”，而 across通常是指“跨过一个表面等”。和名词 surf
37、ace搭配用 across更好。解析：smoothlysmooth解析 feel 作为“摸起来(感觉是)”这个意思时，是一个系动词，其后应该用形容词词组作主语补足语。The present day African-American population, like many other ethic groups, is several generations removed from their 21 original land. However, many practices and habits have been 22 lost, dropped, stimulated, or modi
38、fied. The greatest influence 23 on many African-American families is the lifestyle of their parents or grandparents who lived in the southern United States. Historically, African-American rites revolved food. The 24 popular term for African-American cooking is “soul food“. Many of these foods are ri
39、ch with nutrients, as found in collard 25 greens and other leafy green and yellow vegetables. Other parts of the diet, however, are little in fiber, calcium, 26 and high in fat. With high incidence of diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and obesity, some African-Americans have paid a high cost fo
40、r this lifestyle. Economically disadvantaged families 27 may have no other choice but to eat what is available at low cost. Common ways for African-Americans to prepare for 28 food include frying, barbecuing, and serving foods with gravy and sauces. Homely baked cakes and pies are also common. Many
41、29 African-Americans are Protestant and have no specific food restrictions. A large selection and variety of food is prepared and much attention is given to individual“s favorite dishes. Cultural diversity is a major issue in American eating. To fully understand the impact cultures play in American
42、nutrition, he must study both food and culture. 30 （分数：25.00）解析：ethicethnic解析 ethic 和 ethnic由于形近容易被混淆，前者是“伦理的”，后者是“种族的”。“非裔美国人”，这是一个种族概念，所以应该改成 ethnic。解析：HoweverThus 或 Therefore解析 本文中所说的 African-American是指“非裔美国人”，即美国人中的黑人种族。前句说，他们已经离开故土好几代人了，强调“非裔美国人”和故土(即非洲)之间在时间上的距离。后句说许多祖先的风俗习惯已经被遗忘、摒弃、模仿或改良了。两句之
43、间显然不是转折关系，更加符合逻辑的理解是因果关系。解析：stimulatedsimulated解析 此题与第一题相似。stimulate 和 simulate在意思上完全不一样，却由于形近很容易混淆。stimulate 的意思是“刺激；鼓舞；鼓励”，而 simulate的意思是“模仿；假装；冒充”。文中，作者是在谈风俗习惯的变迁，所以 stimulate显然不符合上下文的意思。解析：foodaround解析 revolve 既可以作及物动词也可以作不及物动词，作及物动词时的意思是“使旋转”，作不及物动词时的意思是“以为主题、以为中心”。从上下文可以看出此句中revolve的含义是“以为中心”，
44、是不及物动词，所以必须加上介词 around。解析：within解析 rich 和介词 in搭配，表示“富含(某一种物质)”。如 This kind of fish is rich in oil.解析：littlelow解析 表示某一种物质含量高或者含量低，可以用 high和 low这一组反义词和介词in搭配。尽管 much和 little也可表示相同的含义，但是在句子结构上不同，如原句的意思用 much和little就应该表达成“There is little fiber and calcium but much fat in other parts of the diet. ”解析：cos
45、tprice解析 原句的意思是“有一些非裔美国人已经为这种生活方式付出了高昂的代价。”尽管 cost一词有“代价”的意思，但是 pay a high cost并不是符合英语表达习惯的搭配。我们应该说pay a high price for something。解析：第二个 for/解析 prepare 用作及物动词时，意思是“把准备好”，可以和food，meal，drink 等名词搭配。所以“烧菜”不是 prepare for food，而是 prepare food。解析：HomelyHome解析 原文的意思“家里自制的蛋糕和馅饼”。baked 前面的这个词应该是一个副词，似乎在 home后
46、加词缀-ly 是一个正确的形式，但是 homely恰恰是英语中为数不多的几个以-ly 结尾却不是副词的词，它是一个形容词，意思是“朴素的、家常的”。这里应该用 home，它本身就是一个副词。英语中以-ly 结尾的形容词还有 lively，friendly，lowly，manly，heavenly，childly 等。解析：heone/we/you解析 代词 he不能用作类指。英语中可以作类指用法的代词是one，we，they，you。在一篇文章中为了避免重复出现 one，可以用 he来替代。Cultural pluralism is the dynamic by which minority
47、groups participate fully in the dominant society, yet maintain its cultural differences. A pluralistic society is one 31 where different groups can interact while showing a certain degree of tolerance for one another, where different cultures can coexist without major conflicts, and where minority c
48、ultures are encouraged to upholding their customs. 32 A Jewish philosophy professor, Horace Kallen, coins 33 the term “pluralism“ in the early 1900s. He was proud in 34 his country, and concerned for his beliefs and the beliefs of immigrants. He did not want to be assimilated by the majority. He fel
49、t that various distinguished cultures could offer a great contribution to progress than a single culture could. 35 Cultural pluralism is incompatible with biblical teaching 36 to some extent. The Bible does teach absolute truth and claims exclusivity. This isn“t to say that anything outside the Bible is false. Take, for example, Confucius“ rule: “Do not do to others what you would not have them to do to 37 you.“ Obviously this is compatible with the Bibleit is a Biblical tea
