1、专业八级-170 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PROOFREADDING it is wrong not to, to “let them get away from 18 it.“ People are thus untroubled in inviting divine retribution or the power of the state to harm other people they deem it 19 immoral. Bertrand Russell wrote, “The infliction of cruelty with a good
2、conscience is a delight to moraliststhat is how 20 they invented hell.“（分数：25.00）Why don“t people just say what they mean? The reason is that conversational partners are not modems downloading information into each other“s brains. People are very, very touchy about their relationships. Whenever we s
3、peak to someone, you are presuming 21 two of you have a certain degree of familiaritywhich your words might alter. So every sentence has to do two 22 things for once: convey a message and continue to negotiate 23 with that relationship. The clearest example is ordinary 24 politeness. When you are at
4、 a dinner party and want the salt, you don“t blurt out, “Gimme the salt.“ So, you use 25 what linguists call a whimperative, as in “Do you think you could pass the salt?“ or “If you could pass the salt, that will be awesome.“ Taken literally, these sentences are 26 inane. The second is an overstatem
5、ent, and the answer to the first is obvious. Fortunately, the hearer assumes that the speaker is irrational and listens between the lines. Yes, 27 your point is to request the salt, but you“re doing it in such a way that first takes care to establish what linguist call 28 “felicity conditions“, or t
6、he prerequisites to make a sensible 29 request. The underlying rationale is that the hearer not be given a command but simply is asked or advised 30 about one of the necessary conditions for passing the salt. Your goal is to have your need satisfied without treating the listener as a flunky who can
7、be bossed around at will.（分数：25.00）I see no conflict in what the Bible tells me about God and what science tells me about nature. Like St. Augustine in A.D. 400, I do not find the wording of Genesis 1 and 2 to suggest a scientific textbook or a powerful and poetic 31 description of God“s intentions
8、in creating the universe. The mechanics of creation is left unspecified. If God, who is all 32 powerful and who is limited by space and time, chose to 33 use the mechanism of evolution to create you and me, who are us to say that wasn“t an absolutely elegant plan? And if 34 God has now given us the
9、intelligence and the opportunity to discover his methods, which is something to celebrate. I 35 lead the Human Genome Project, which has now revealed all of the 3 billion letters of our own DNA instruction book. I am also a Christian. For me scientific discovery is also an occasion of worship. Nearl
10、y no working biologists accept 36 that the principles of variation and natural selection explain how multiple species evolved like a common ancestor over 37 very long periods of time. I find no compelling examples that this process is insufficient to explain a rich variety of 38 life forms present i
11、n this planet. While no one could claim 39 yet to have ferreted out every detail of how evolution works, I do not see any significant “gaps“ in the progressive development of life“s complex structures that would not require 40 divine intervention.（分数：25.00）专业八级-170 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PROOFR
12、EADDING it is wrong not to, to “let them get away from 18 it.“ People are thus untroubled in inviting divine retribution or the power of the state to harm other people they deem it 19 immoral. Bertrand Russell wrote, “The infliction of cruelty with a good conscience is a delight to moraliststhat is
13、how 20 they invented hell.“（分数：25.00）解析：kindkinds解析 此处指除道德判断以外的所有其他看法，是复数，因此 kind应改为 kinds。解析：switcha解析 switch 作名词时，意思是“开关”，是可数名词，所以添加不定冠词 a。解析：moralimmoral解析 根据句意“正是这种心理定势让我们判断某些行为是不道德的(“谋杀是错的”)、令人不快的(“我讨厌小椰菜”)”此处应为 immoral。解析：isthethat解析 系动词 is后面的从句是一个表语从句，这种从句的引导词 that不能省略。解析：asbut解析 本句是 not.but(
14、不是而是)的搭配，matters of local custom 中的 local跟后面的 universally相对，可以判断是意思相反的并列关系。解析：ateeat解析 主句的动词用的是 don“t care，所以 if从句里应该是一般现在时。本句是陈述语气，主从句应该一致。解析：第二个 toon/upon解析 动词 inflict的搭配是 inflict sth. on/upon sb. ，因此介词 to改为 on或者 upon。解析：fromwith解析 get away from 意思是“从离开”，get away with 的意思是“做成(坏事或错事)而不受惩罚”。解析：it/解析
15、 关系分句 they deem immoral修饰 other people，deem 的宾语是被省略的关系代词who或 whom，此处的 it是多余的。解析：howwhy解析 本句大意是“对道德家来说，良心不受谴责地施行冷酷的惩罚是一种愉悦。这就是为什么他们发明了地狱。”无法理解为“这就是他们如何发明地狱的”，所以 how应该改为 why。Why don“t people just say what they mean? The reason is that conversational partners are not modems downloading information into
16、 each other“s brains. People are very, very touchy about their relationships. Whenever we speak to someone, you are presuming 21 two of you have a certain degree of familiaritywhich your words might alter. So every sentence has to do two 22 things for once: convey a message and continue to negotiate
17、 23 with that relationship. The clearest example is ordinary 24 politeness. When you are at a dinner party and want the salt, you don“t blurt out, “Gimme the salt.“ So, you use 25 what linguists call a whimperative, as in “Do you think you could pass the salt?“ or “If you could pass the salt, that w
18、ill be awesome.“ Taken literally, these sentences are 26 inane. The second is an overstatement, and the answer to the first is obvious. Fortunately, the hearer assumes that the speaker is irrational and listens between the lines. Yes, 27 your point is to request the salt, but you“re doing it in such
19、 a way that first takes care to establish what linguist call 28 “felicity conditions“, or the prerequisites to make a sensible 29 request. The underlying rationale is that the hearer not be given a command but simply is asked or advised 30 about one of the necessary conditions for passing the salt.
20、Your goal is to have your need satisfied without treating the listener as a flunky who can be bossed around at will.（分数：25.00）解析：weyou解析 上下文中表示泛指的代词都是 you，所以 we应该改为 you。解析：twothe解析 此处一共只有两人，要表达的意思是“你们两个人”，而 two of you的意思是“你们中的两个人”，所以需要添加定冠词 the。解析：forat解析 句子大意是“所以每个句子同时在做两件事情”，表达“同时”的含义，应该用at once(一
21、起)而不是 for once(做一次)。解析：with/解析 negotiate with 的意思是“跟某人谈判”，此处的宾语是 that relationship，意思不通。而 negotiate还可以做及物动词，意思是“通过谈判建立(条约、协议、关系)”，所以应该删掉with。解析：SoRather/Instead解析 前一句的大意是“当你在一个晚宴上需要盐的时候，你不会突兀地说把盐给我”，本句的意思是“你会采用语言学家所说的间接的说法，比如”。两者之间有转折关系，所以不能用 so，应该用 rather或 instead。需要注意的是，此处不能用 however或者 nevertheles
22、s等表示让步的连接性状语。解析：willwould解析 本句是日常会话中表示礼貌的常用说法，if 从句用虚拟语气，主句也应保持一致。另一种改法是把 could去掉，使句子成为陈述语气，但是不够恰当。解析：irrationalrational解析 根据句首的 fortunately(幸运的是)，这里的意思应该是听话人认为讲话人是理性的(rational)，而不是非理性的(irrational)。解析：linguistlinguists解析 linguist 是可数名词，一般以复数形式或者 a linguist的形式出现，由于动词的形式是 call，所以应该用 linguists，而且上文也出现过
23、同样的说法。解析：makemaking解析 prerequisites(前提)跟介词 to搭配，意思是“的前提”，不能跟不定式 to搭配，所以 make应该改为 making，也就是说“making a sensible request”是前提。解析：isbe解析 前面的分句 the hearer not be given a command中，be 以原形出现，由于 but是并列连词，前后应该对称，因而此处的 is也应该用原形，所以改为 be。I see no conflict in what the Bible tells me about God and what science tel
24、ls me about nature. Like St. Augustine in A.D. 400, I do not find the wording of Genesis 1 and 2 to suggest a scientific textbook or a powerful and poetic 31 description of God“s intentions in creating the universe. The mechanics of creation is left unspecified. If God, who is all 32 powerful and wh
25、o is limited by space and time, chose to 33 use the mechanism of evolution to create you and me, who are us to say that wasn“t an absolutely elegant plan? And if 34 God has now given us the intelligence and the opportunity to discover his methods, which is something to celebrate. I 35 lead the Human
26、 Genome Project, which has now revealed all of the 3 billion letters of our own DNA instruction book. I am also a Christian. For me scientific discovery is also an occasion of worship. Nearly no working biologists accept 36 that the principles of variation and natural selection explain how multiple
27、species evolved like a common ancestor over 37 very long periods of time. I find no compelling examples that this process is insufficient to explain a rich variety of 38 life forms present in this planet. While no one could claim 39 yet to have ferreted out every detail of how evolution works, I do
28、not see any significant “gaps“ in the progressive development of life“s complex structures that would not require 40 divine intervention.（分数：25.00）解析：orbut解析 本文讲的是科学和宗教的关系。本句大意是“我觉得圣经的创世纪 1和 2的用词不能看做是一本科学的教科书，而是对上帝创造世界的意图的有力而又有诗意的描述。”句中是not.but这个搭配，如果用 not.or，那就成了“既不是也不是”，不通。解析：mechanicsmechanism解析
29、mechanics 的意思是“力学”，mechanism 的意思是“机制”，此处显然应该用后者，而且后面的句子也再次用到了这个单词。解析：limitednot解析 本句要表达的意思是“如果全能的、不受时空限制的上帝”，所以应该添加 not。借助平时的宗教知识，我们也应该知道，上帝是不受时空限制的。解析：uswe解析 who are we to say 是一个常用句式，意思是“我们有什么资格说”。一般都用主格 we，不用宾格 us。解析：whichthat/it解析 本句大意是“如果上帝现在给了我们发现他的方法的智力和机会，那是值得庆祝的”，前面的分句是 if从句，此处应该是主句，不应该是 wh
30、ich引导的非限制性关系从句，所以which应该改为指示代词 that或者人称代词 it。根据作者的语气，that 更好一些。解析：noall解析 如果用 no，就成了“几乎没有生物学家能接受变异和自然选择这些原理能够解释”。根据常识，生物学家应该是接受这些原理的，所以应该改为 all。解析：likefrom解析 此处的意思是“从一个共同的祖先进化而来”，而不是“像一个共同的祖先那样进化”，所以应该用 from，而不是 like。解析：athe解析 本句要表达的意思是“解释生命形式的多样性”，而不是“解释许多种类的生命形式”，所以此处不能用 a variety of(各种各样的)这个短语，因此 a应该换成 the。解析：inon解析 表示“在这个星球上”要用 on this planet，而不是 in。解析：not/解析 本句要表达的意思是“在生命的复杂结构的进化历程中，没有什么明显的缺口是需要神的干预才能完成的。”如果是 would not require那就变成了“没有哪个缺口是不需要神的干预的”。根据上下文，作为科学家，作者显然不会有这样的看法，所以应该删掉 not。
