1、专业八级-169 (1)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART LISTENIN(总题数：1，分数：10.00)BSECTION A/BIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling t
2、ask after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.Now listen to the mini-lecture.Complete the gap-filling task. Some of the gaps be
3、low require a maximum of THREE words. Make sure the word(s)you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may refer to your notes.B Religion in American Life/BDiversity is the chief feature of religion in the United States. Although Christianity has always been the major Am
4、erican faith, the existence of more than 250 different religious sects here has made Americans(1)_of all forms of worshipChristian and non-Christian. 1._Among the first immigrants in America, quite a number of themwere (2)_, whose purpose of coming to this New World was to 2._pursue religious freedo
5、m. So the First Amendment to the Constitution notonly forbids the establishment of an official (3)_religion but also 3._prohibits state or federal interference with religious institutions or practices.There are generally three main religions in the U.S. The combined(4)_sects form the largest religio
6、us faith in the United States. 4._But Roman Catholicism is by far the largest (5)_ religious 5._body. The third biggest religion in the United States is (6)_ 6._Although in the United States religion provides the ceremonies thatmark lifes most important events, religion has (7)_in importance 7._tanc
7、e in terms of influencing behavior and philosophical outlook. WhenAmericans need personal (8)_they usually turn to psychiatrists 8._or to professional counselors rather than to religious leaders forhelp. Modern Americans have a strong faith in their (9)_ to improve 9._conditions through their own ef
8、forts.Influenced by the nontraditional religious fervor of the young Americans, people in the U.S. are adopting new kinds of religious services.Now many of the progressive churches draw crowds to their weekly services, while more (10)_ones are half-empty. 10._（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空
9、项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_二、BSECTION B/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet.Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview with
10、an expert on the urban problem. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.Now listen to the interview（分数：5.00）(1).A suffragette is a person who_.（分数：1.00）A.fights against racial discriminationB.fights for womens right of votingC.participa
11、tes in a demonstration against governmentD.is against women entering into politics(2).What was the interviewees opinion about suffragettes at that time?（分数：1.00）A.She did not approve of them.B.She thought highly of their action.C.She thought their action should be more militant.D.She thought their e
12、fforts were useless.(3).What does the interviewee think of the fact that women achieve the vote?（分数：1.00）A.She thinks that it is very important for women entering into politics.B.She doesnt think that it is that important.C.She thinks that it happened too easily.D.She thinks that it is what they des
13、erve for their efforts.(4).What does the interviewee think of women entering into politics?（分数：1.00）A.She is happy to see that at long last women have achieved their political rights.B.She thinks women should fight for more political rights.C.She thinks women could do much better than men in politic
14、s.D.She doesnt care about women entering into politics.(5).What kind of attitude does the interviewee hold towards men?（分数：1.00）A.She doesnt want to work with them at all.B.She doesnt mind joining them in their work.C.They can do nothing in helping women in their jobs.D.They all have prejudice again
15、st women.三、BSECTION C/B(总题数：3，分数：5.00)Questions 7 to 8 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the two questions.Now listen to the news.（分数：2.00）(1).About _ Kenyans have demonstrated in the capital Nairobi.（分数：1.00）A.500B.5,000C.50
16、,000D.2,500(2).What did the protesters call on the government to do?（分数：1.00）A.To scrap new taxes.B.To convene a convention to write a new constitution.C.To stop harassing students and halt ethnic violence.D.All of the above.1.In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and
17、then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet.Question 6 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question.Now listen to the news.The German Federal Labor office says _ addi
18、tional Germans were looking for work last month than were looking for work in June.（分数：1.00）A.1,320 thousandB.13 thousandC.32 thousandD.132 thousandQuestions 9 to 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the two questions.Now lis
19、ten to the news.（分数：2.00）(1).In the Philippines, flood waters have also covered nearly _ hectares of farmland.（分数：1.00）A.610B.6,100C.61,000D.610,000(2).Meanwhile flooding in _ have began to ease, but damage is estimated in the millions of dollars.（分数：1.00）A.Vietnam, Cambodia and ThailandB.Vietnam, C
20、hina and CambodiaC.Vietnam, China and northern ThailandD.Cambodia, Vietnam and northern Thailand四、BPART READING (总题数：3，分数：10.00)In this section there are six reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your coloured answer she
21、et.BTEXT A/BA large part of effective leadership is dependent on something called “style“. But style is difficult to teach, and what makes one leader great and another mediocre is not easily defined. Leadership always implies power, and a broad definition in this context is that leadership includes
22、the power to influence thoughts and actions of others in such a way that they achieve higher satisfaction and/or performance. Over the past century, there have been three major approaches to understanding leadership.Identifying leadership traits, or the physical and psychological characteristics of
23、leaders, was the first formal approach, and had a lot of intuitive appeal. It owed its origins to the turn of the century( about 1904)when trait studies began. At this time most American leaders came from certain wealthy families, the vast majority were white males, and there were some social norms
24、about what leaders looked like ( tall, square jaw, well groomed etc. ). The original assumption that “leaders are born not made“ has been discredited, because there were too many exceptions to the traits to give them any credibility. Beginning after World War II, in sharp contrast to the trait appro
25、ach, the behavioral approach looked at what a leader does, what behaviors leaders use that set them apart from others. This approach assumed that leadership could be learned. Virtually all of the studies focused on classifying behaviors according to whether they fell into a process or “people approa
26、ch“ (satisfying individual needs) , or a “task approach“ ( getting the job done). The basis for this classification was in the discovery in social psychology that every group needs someone to fill both these roles in the group for it to be effective. The earliest of these studies began in Ohio State
27、 University and the University of Michigan in the late 1940s. Many of the early trait and behavioral writers tried to make their ideas applicable to all leadership situations. The earliest situational approach to leadership was developed in 1958. This approach strived to identify characteristics of
28、the situation that allowed one leader to be effective where another was not. The trend later developed toward the third approach, understanding the unique characteristics of a situation and what kind of leadership style best matches with these.（分数：4.00）(1).Which of the following questions does the a
29、uthor answer in the first paragraph?（分数：1.00）A.What is “style“?B.Is power the most important aspect of leadership?C.How many main historical approaches have there been to leadership7D.Why is leadership so difficult to define?(2).According to the second paragraph, which of tile following is NOT one o
30、f the three major approaches to understanding leadership?（分数：1.00）A.situationalB.traitsC.powerD.behavioral(3).What was the assumption of the behavioral approach?（分数：1.00）A.That leaders are born not made.B.That leadership could be learned.C.That leadership could be classified into two functions.D.Tha
31、t every effective group needs someone to fill each of the two roles.(4).What is the foundation for the classification of behaviors in the behavioral approach?（分数：1.00）A.That an effective group needs both task and process roles fulfilled.B.That getting the job done is a more important task than satis
32、fying individual needs.C.That both could be taught.D.That both could be applied to all leadership situations.BTEXT B/BIn early 19th century America, care for the mentally iii was almost non-existent: the afflicted were usually relegated to prisons, almshouses, or inadequate supervision by families.
33、Treatment, if provided, paralleled other medical treatments of the time, including bloodletting and purgatives. However, in a wave of concern for the oppressed, some took action. Among these, Dorothea Dix was the leading crusader for the establishment of state-supported mental asylums. Through her e
34、fforts, the first state hospitals for the insane were built in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. She and other reformers sought humane, individualized care, with the rich and the poor housed together to insure high standards for all. The movement was generated by social reform, but throughout the century
35、, mental illness was probed and analyzed, and“ cures“ prescribed by both the scientific and lay communities. “Moral treatment“ was the predominating philosophy to cure the insane.This system was developed in late 18th century Europe, and by Benjamin Rush in the United States. It challenged the demon
36、ic explanations for insanity and emphasized the role of environment in determining character: improper external conditions could induce derangement. The “moral treatment“ system was optimistic that an appropriate environment could facilitate cure, especially for those with acute ( not chronic) affli
37、ctions. Essential to this theory was a physiological basis for mental disorder: insanity was caused by brain damage. The brains surface was soft and malleable and physically altered by outward influence. This idea was closely related to phrenology, which assigned specific faculties to sections of th
38、e brain.The notion that mental illness resulted from physical impairment was rarely challenged, but the nature and treatment of ailments were continually debated. To find physical evidence for mental deficiencies, autopsies were performed on mental patients to discover lesions or other abnormalities
39、. Although progress was made in the diagnosis of somatic diseases like tumors or syphilitic derangement, these efforts were frustrating and subjective. Also controversial was the fate of the chronically versus acutely iii: the differences between them, whether they should be housed together, and whe
40、ther the chronically ill should be treated at all.（分数：3.00）(1).According to paragraph 1, the movement to establish state-supported mental asylums was motivated by concern for_.（分数：1.00）A.inadequate care by familiesB.social reformC.the effects of medical treatmentD.those who were not mentally iii(2).
41、It can be inferred from the passage that the methods used in “moral treatment“ were_.（分数：1.00）A.controversialB.acceptedC.provenD.dangerous(3).According to the passage, phrenology was_.（分数：1.00）A.never very popularB.a theory about determining a persons characterC.a cause of mental illnessD.a theory a
42、bout a persons brainBTEXT C/BLondon is steeped in Dickensian history. Every place he visited, every person he met, would be drawn into his imagination and reappear in a novel. There really are such places as Hanging Sword Alley in Whitefriars Street, ECl (Where Jerry Cruncher lived in A Tale of Two
43、Cities) and Bleeding Heart Yard off Greville Street, ECl (Where the Plornish family lived in Little Dorrit); riley are just the sort of places Dickens would have visited on his frequent nighttime walks.He first came to London as a young boy, and lived at a number of addresses throughout his life, mo
44、ving as his income and his issue (he had ten children)increased. Of these homes only one remains, at 48 Doughty Street, WC1, now the Dickens House Museum (Tel:405 2127, Mon-Sat 10:00 -17:00, admission 1.50) , and as good a place as any to start your tour of Dickenss London.The Dickens family lived h
45、ere for only two years1837 - 1839but during this brief period, Charles Dickens first achieved great fame as a novelist, finishing Pickwick Papers, and working on Oliver Twist, Barnaby Rudge and Nicholas Nickleby. If you want a house full of atmosphere, you may be a little disappointed, for it is mor
46、e a collection of Dickensiana than a recreation of a home. Dont let this deter you, however, for this is the place to see manuscripts, first editions, letters, original drawings, as well as furniture, pictures and artifacts from different periods of his life. Just one room, the Drawing Room, has bee
47、n reconstructed to look as it would have done in 1839, but elsewhere in the house you can see the grandfather lock which belonged to Moses Pickwick and gave the name to Pickwick Papers, the writing table from Gads Hill, Rochester, on which he wrote his last words of fiction, and the mahogany sideboa
48、rd he bought in 1839.It was in the back room on the first floor that Dickenss sister-in-law Mary Hogarth died when she was only 17. He loved Mary deeply, probably more than his wife, her sister. The tragedy haunted him for years, and is supposed to have inspired the famous death scene of Little Nell in The Old Curiosity Shop.If you walk through Lincolns Inn Fields, you will come across Portsmouth Street, and a building which, since Dickenss death, has claimed to be the Old Curiosity Shop itself.
