1、专业八级-165 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LISTENING COMPREHENS(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A(总题数：2，分数：60.00)How to Write a Dissertation. Two necessary preparations A. Planning 1 B. The 2 of balanced life all you have to do: devote time to physical, social, intellectual, 3 well-being .The general idea A. A t
2、hesis is a hypothesis or conjecture B. A dissertation is a lengthy, 4 1. Scientific methodThe scientific method needs a 5 of evidenceto support a hypothesisto deny a hypothesis2. 6 the essence of a dissertationa dissertation 7 principles3. Supporting materialsA dissertation must 8 every statement wi
3、th areference or original workIt does not repeat details of published materialsIt uses the results as fact. Learning from the exerciseA. Getting trained to 9 with other scientistsB. Learning to think deeply. Definitions and terminologyA. Each technical term must be definedby a reference to a definit
4、ion 10 by a precise, unambiguous definition beforea) the term is used for a new termb) a standard term used in an unusual wayB. Each term should be used in one and only one waythroughout the dissertation. Language pointsA. Good writing is 11 in a dissertationB. Using active constructionsC. Writing i
5、n the 12 tenseD. 13 negation earlyE. Paying attention to 14 . Key to success: 15 1. ahead/beforehand原力原文 How to Write a DissertationGood afternoon, everyone. Welcome to today“s lecture about writing. I have known that you are preparing to write a dissertation at present. Unless you have written many
6、 formal documents before, you are going to find that it“s difficult! So, in today“s lecture, I will talk about methods for writing a dissertation.The foremost things you should know are two necessary preparations for successful completion of a dissertation.The first is planning ahead. A plan imposes
7、 a structure on the project and prevents you from drifting aimlessly for long periods of time. It will help motivate you to work during tedious or difficult phases and provides the incentive to make sacrifices.The second is the maintenance of healthy balance. The dissertation is such a time-consumin
8、g project that it can seem impossible to lead a balanced life. Without a healthy balance of life, you may feel angry, resentful, frustrated, overwhelmed, and depressed on a consistent basis. In order to maintain a healthy balance, it is often helpful to devote time every day and week to your physica
9、l, social, intellectual, emotional and spiritual well-being.Next, I will provide you with a few general ideas about a dissertation. As we know, a thesis is a hypothesis or conjecture. A dissertation is a lengthy, formal document that argues in defense of a particular thesis. So many people use the t
10、erm “thesis“ to refer to the document that a current dictionary now includes it as the third meaning.No. 1: Scientific method. The scientific method adopted in a dissertation means starting with a hypothesis and then collecting evidence to support or deny it. Before one can write a dissertation defe
11、nding a particular thesis, one must collect evidence that supports it. Thus, the most difficult aspect of writing a dissertation consists of organizing the evidence and associated discussions into a coherent form.No. 2: Critical thinking. The essence of a dissertation is critical thinking, not exper
12、imental data. Analysis and concepts form the heart of the work. A dissertation also concentrates on principles: it states the lessons learned, and not merely the facts behind them.No. 3: Supporting materials. In general, every statement in a dissertation must be supported either by a reference to pu
13、blished scientific literature or by original work. But, a dissertation does not repeat the details of critical thinking and analysis found in published sources; it uses the results as fact and refers the reader to the source for further details. Each sentence in a dissertation must be complete and c
14、orrect in a grammatical sense. Moreover, a dissertation must satisfy the strict rules of formal grammar. For example, no undefined technical jargon, no hidden jokes, and no slang, even when such terms or phrases are in common use in the spoken language. Indeed, the writing in a dissertation must be
15、clear. Shades of meaning matter; the terminology and prose must make fine distinctions. The words must convey exactly the meaning intended, nothing more and nothing less. Each statement in a dissertation must be correct and defensible in a logical and scientific sense. Furthermore, the discussions i
16、n a dissertation must satisfy the strictest rules of logic applied to mathematics and science.Thirdly, we have to know what one should learn from the exercise. All scientists need to communicate discoveries; the dissertation provides training for communication with other scientists. Writing a disser
17、tation requires a student to think deeply, to organize technical discussion, to muster arguments that will convince other scientists, and to follow rules for rigorous, formal presentation of the arguments and discussion.When writing a dissertation, we should also be clear about definitions and termi
18、nology. Each technical term used in a dissertation must be defined either by a reference to a previously published definition for standard terms with their usual meaning or by a precise, unambiguous definition that appears before the term is used for a new term or a standard term used in an unusual
19、way. And each term should be used in one and only one way throughout the dissertation. The easiest way to avoid a long series of definitions is to include a statement. Then, only define exceptions. The introductory chapter can give the intuition of terms provided they are defined more precisely late
20、r.Last but not least important is language points. There is a principle we should remember, i.e. good writing is essential in a dissertation. As for voice, remember to use active constructions. For example, say “the operating system starts the device“ instead of “the device is started by the operati
21、ng system.“ Then write in the present tense. For example, say “The system writes a page to the disk and then uses the frame“ instead of “The system will use the frame after it wrote the page to disk“. Moreover, you should define negation early. For instance, say “no data block waits on the output qu
22、eue“ instead of “a data block awaiting output is not on the queue.“ At last, you should be careful that the subject of each sentence really does what the verb says it does. All computer scientists should know the rules of logic. Unfortunately the rules are more difficult to follow when the language
23、of discourse is English instead of mathematical symbols. When written using mathematical symbols, the differences are obvious because “for all“ and “there exists“ are reversed.As far as the language points are concerned, there is a key to success: practice. No one ever learned to write by reading es
24、says like this. Instead, you need to practice and practice. This is the secret to writing a good dissertation.To conclude, we have discussed some necessary preparations before writing a dissertation. What follows are some guiding principles, including some general ideas of a dissertation and how to
25、reach a good writing. Finally, I provide you with a key to successful writing, i.e. practice. After this lecture, I hope you may find your dissertation-writing smooth.解析 讲座的主题是“methods for writing a dissertation(撰写学位论文的方法)”，接着提出 2个必要准备，其中之一就是 planning ahead，可知答案为 ahead，或其近义表达 beforehand。2. maintenan
26、ce解析 两个必要的准备中的另外一个是和谐生活的维持，由此可知答案为 maintenance。3. emotional and spiritual解析 为了维持健康的平衡，需要做的就是把时间投入到身体、交际、脑力、情感以及精神的健康上，前面几项都已列出，可知答案为 emotional and spiritual。4. formal document解析 录音材料提到博士学位论文是一种 lengthy，formal document，由此可知答案为 formal document。定义性或概念性的信息是常考之处，也是理解全文的关键。5. collection解析 原文材料提到“科学的方法为：先提
27、出假设，再收集证据对其进行论证或推翻”，空格处需要一个名词，由此可知答案为 collection。序列词之后的信息为常考点。6. critical thinking解析 录音材料提到第二点为“批判地思考”，其后又提及“学位论文的精髓要求批判地思考”，对照考题，由此可知答案为 critical thinking。7. concentrates on解析 讲座在讲述批判性思考时，还提到学位论文还侧重于原理，由此可知答案为 concentrates on。8. support解析 根据录音原文“一般来说，论文中的每一个论证都应具备相应的支持(support)，无论是已出版的科技文章还是原著”，可知答
28、案为 support。9. communicate解析 此题谈到人们应从练习中学习的其中一个方面，即“所有的科学家都需要对所发现的事物进行交流探讨，博士论文就为此提供了训 I练的机会”，可知答案为 communicate。10. previously published解析 此题谈论文写作中的下定义和术语界定，具体提到“用于学术论文中的每一个术语，都必须收录在之前出版的标准术语参考文献中”，由此可知答案为 previously published。11. essential/important/vital解析 此题涉及人们必须知道的最重要原则，即 Good writing is essenti
29、al in a dissertation. 由此可知答案为 essential，或其近义表达 important或 vital。12. present解析 此题涉及论文写作中的时态，录音原文建议 write in the present tense，再对照考题，可知答案为 present。13. Defining解析 在讲到语言点的时候，讲座还提到了你应该提早明确否定，原文中出现的原词是 define，而空格处需要填入动词的现在分词形式，所以答案为 Defining，注意首字母要大写。14. grammar and logic解析 原文提到你应该当心每个句子的主语要和动词保持一致，还有所有的电
30、脑科学家应该懂得逻辑规则，总结起来就是要注意语法和逻辑，所以答案为 grammar and logic。15. practice解析 此题总结成功的秘诀，即 there is a key to success：practice。由此可知答案为 practice。（分数：30.00）What Can We Learn from Art?. Introduction A. Difference between general history and art history Focus: general history: 16 . art history: political values, emo
31、tions, 17 , etc. B. Significance of study More information and better understanding of human 18 . Types of information A. Information in history book is 19 B. Information in art history is subjective 20 and opinions e.g. Spanish painter“s works: misuse of 21 Mexican artists“ works: attitudes toward
32、social problems . Art as a religious belief A. Europe: 22 in pictures in churches B. Middle East: pictures of flowers and patterns in mosques, palaces Reason: human and 23 are not seen as holy C. Africa and the Pacific Islands: masks, headdresses and 24 in special ceremonies Purpose: to seek the hel
33、p of 25 to protect crops, animals and people . Perceptions of Art How people see art is related to their cultural background. A. Europeans and Americans 26 expression of ideas B. People in other places part of everyday life 27 use . Art as a reflection of social changes A. Cause of changes: 28 of di
34、fferent cultures tribal people: effect of 29 on art forms European artists: influence of African traditional art in their works American and Canadian artists: study of 30 （分数：30.00）三、SECTION B(总题数：4，分数：40.00)（分数：10.00）A.To make a special plea for future cooperation.B.To seek advice on her son“s majo
35、r in college.C.To show her regret at the school“s education.D.To guarantee William“s security in school.A.An acting career.B.A sporting career.C.Becoming a teacher.D.Becoming an architect.A.They recruit students from technical colleges.B.Most students graduated there would be cartoonists.C.The entra
36、nce competition is awfully fierce.D.The students must take a foundation course there.A.They don“t prefer to choose hobbies as their majors.B.They accept the fact that parents make decisions for them.C.They know what their passions are before entering colleges.D.They are unconcerned about security wh
37、en choosing majors.A.Choosing art as a major takes a risk.B.Mrs. Harris thinks art schools are hard to enter for.C.The entry qualifications of colleges are tough.D.Going to art schools requires 3 A“s and 2 O“s.（分数：10.00）A.Because William is interested in it.B.Because William is good at this field.C.
38、Because it promises a well-paid job.D.Because her firm is in want of scientists.A.William has no enthusiasm of painting now.B.Mrs. Harris is happy about Williams“ decision.C.William“s mother runs her own business.D.A science degree guarantees one outstanding.A.William can make a comfortable living a
39、s an artist.B.Mrs. Harris should persuade William to come down to earth.C.It“s unwise to force William to choose an art major.D.William won“t make a change of his decision easily.A.It“s highly appreciated by Mr. Simms.B.He“s good at painting pictures on the wall,C.It made him easily choose art for a
40、 living.D.It helps him to apply for a science major.A.Persuade her son into making a more realistic decision.B.Prepare her son for an art course at a technical college.C.Wait until the headmaster discusses with Mr. Simms.D.Talk with Mr. Simms about William“s chance of acceptance.（分数：10.00）A.Unfavour
41、able weather conditions.B.Airports“ handling capacity.C.Inadequate ticketing service.D.Overbooking.A.The airport is not big enough.B.The airport is in lack of skillful staff.C.The weather is always terrible.D.All flights arrive and leave at almost the same time.A.Free ticket.B.Free phone call.C.Cash
42、 reward.D.Seat reservation.A.Different passengers have different schedules.B.The airlines encourage people to choose less popular flights.C.There is an increasing number of public holidays.D.Passengers have few options because there are limited flights.A.Because all flights in and out of there are f
43、ull.B.Because the volume of traffic is heavy,C.Because there are more popular flights.D.Because there are more delays and cancellations.（分数：10.00）A.Booking on less popular flights.B.Buying tickets at full price.C.Carrying excessive luggage.D.Planning long business trips.A.Taking red-eye flights.B.Or
44、dering discount tickets.C.Buying cheaper tickets to destinations beyond.D.Comparing the prices of flights before ordering.A.Because there are always things unexpected.B.Because passengers may encounter delays.C.Because there may be a typhoon in summer.D.Because passengers are negative about the plan
45、.A.Because the travel agent does enough volume of business.B.Because passengers trust the travel agent.C.Because passengers ask for that.D.Because the travel agent wants to offer the best service.A.By keeping trips short.B.By consulting the travel agent.C.By staying on a plane.D.By arranging for sto
46、povers.专业八级-165 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LISTENING COMPREHENS(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A(总题数：2，分数：60.00)How to Write a Dissertation. Two necessary preparations A. Planning 1 B. The 2 of balanced life all you have to do: devote time to physical, social, intellectual, 3 well-being .The general idea
47、A. A thesis is a hypothesis or conjecture B. A dissertation is a lengthy, 4 1. Scientific methodThe scientific method needs a 5 of evidenceto support a hypothesisto deny a hypothesis2. 6 the essence of a dissertationa dissertation 7 principles3. Supporting materialsA dissertation must 8 every statem
48、ent with areference or original workIt does not repeat details of published materialsIt uses the results as fact. Learning from the exerciseA. Getting trained to 9 with other scientistsB. Learning to think deeply. Definitions and terminologyA. Each technical term must be definedby a reference to a d
49、efinition 10 by a precise, unambiguous definition beforea) the term is used for a new termb) a standard term used in an unusual wayB. Each term should be used in one and only one waythroughout the dissertation. Language pointsA. Good writing is 11 in a dissertationB. Using active constructionsC. Writing in the 12 tenseD. 13 negation earlyE. Paying attention to 14 . Key to success: 15 1. ahead/beforehand原力原文 How to Write a DissertationGood afternoon, everyone. Welcome to today“s lecture about writing. I have
