1、专业八级-161 (1)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART LISTENIN(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Exposition Exposition is writing that explains. Most of the books in university li- braries are examples of exposition. Although exposition is often formal and _, it appears also in 1 _ magazines and newspapers, in any place wher
2、e people look for explana- tions. It is a writing with which we attempt to control our world, whether our means of doing so is a complicated system of philosophy or a cook book or a medical instruction. 2 _ Exposition is a wide net. If the _ purpose of the writer is to 3 _ tell a story, the writing
3、is _ rather than exposition. If the writer 4 _ tends to tell us how something looks, we may call it _ .The subject of the expository writer may be people, things, ideas or a combination of 5 _ these, but always he is a man thinking, interpreting, informing and per- 6 _ suading. He is more likely to
4、appeal to our _ by using evidence and logic. 7 _ _ seldom is a piece of writing pure exposition. So the exposito- ry writer will do well to remember that his primary purpose -the purpose that guides and shapes his total organization-is to explain by _ and to show relationships. 8 _ The writing of ex
5、position begins in an understanding of the broad pur- pose to be achieved. It begins in the writers head. Before the writing, the 9 _ expository writer must ask himself four questions: What specific purpose do I intend to make? Is it worth making? For whom am I making? And how 10 _ can I best convey
6、 my point to my readers? _ the writer has careful- ly answered these questions, no amount of good grammar and correct spell- ing will save him, and his composition is already worthless even before he begins to scrible. Once the writer is _ what point he intands to make, his comportion is already hal
7、f organized. With his reader in mind, he has already solved many of his problems of diction and _ as well.（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_二、BSECTION B/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)(1).Mr. Swift has marked some lines on the page because_.（分数：1.00）A.he thought Mr. Su
8、n has written the letter wellB.there is something wrong about the grammerC.they can be improved according to western cultureD.these are not polite ways of expression(2).Which of tile following did not occur in the conversation?（分数：1.00）A.The year when Mr. Sun has graduated.B.How Mr. Sun left his sch
9、ool.C.The name of the school from which Mr. Sun has graduated.D.Mr. Suns major in the school.(3).According to Mr. Swift, which is the polite and appropriate way of writing.?（分数：1.00）A.To fill the page with beautiful while extraneous expressions.B.To make things as easy as possible for your addressee
10、.C.To express your thanks or apologies again and again.D.Ail of the above.(4).In the conversation, Mr. Sun said “Maybe J shall forget the whole thing“. What is the exact meaning?（分数：1.00）A.He thinks to write anotehr letter.B.He thinks to give up writing such a letter.C.He thinks to forget all about
11、Mr. Swills directons.D.He thinks to forget all about this unpleasant experience.(5).According to the conversation, an application letter should_.（分数：1.00）A.be a long one with all possible information about the applicantB.be a brief one with the purpose of writing made clearC.be a brief one with the
12、purpose of writing made clear, together with a resumeD.all of the above ways are welcome三、BSECTION C/B(总题数：2，分数：5.00)(1).The Israeli couple ended kissing on _.（分数：1.00）A.Tuesday morningB.Tuesday eveningC.Wednesday morningD.Wednesday evening(2).During the contest the couple were _.（分数：1.00）A.sittingB
13、.standingC.lyingD.half sitting and half standingIQuestions 8 to l0 are based on the following news from the VOA. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question. Now listen to the news./I（分数：3.00）(1).About Herb Elliot, which of the following is wrong?（分数：1.00）A.He h
14、as broken the world mile record in running.B.He is an Australian.C.He is the coach of Percy Cerutty.D.He is lean and tough.(2).About Rercy Cerutty, which of the following is right?（分数：1.00）A.He is an excellent coach.B.He is lean and tough.C.He is the perfect racing machine.D.He is a specialist in a
15、1.6 - kilometer distance running.(3).In the 1960 Rome Olympics, Elliot _.（分数：1.00）A.won the final by a 20 - metre margin and made a new world recordB.won the final by a 2 - metre margin and made a new world recordC.won the semi - final by a 20 - metre margin and broke a world recordD.won the semi -
16、final by a 2 - metre margin and broke a world record四、BPART READING (总题数：5，分数：20.00)BTEXT A/BAs well as the problems concerned with obtaining good quality audio recordings, recording also raises important theoretical problems. The main problem is usually referred to as the observers paradox. Ideally
17、 we want to know how people use language when they are not being observed. When speakers know they are being observed, their language shifts towards more formal styles, probably rather erratically, as not everything in language is under equal conscious control, and as speakers probably go through cy
18、cles of half forgetting they are being recorded. So the most casual language is the most difficult to record. The language that linguists would most like to be able to record is the language which is most susceptible to contamination by observation.With modem audio-recording equipment, there is, of
19、course, no difficulty in recording speakers in many face-to-face situations or on the telephone. Some researchers have ethical objections to such recordings; others adopt a compromise solution of recording without their knowledge and then telling them afterwards. How- ever, suppose one decides to re
20、cord people with their knowledge, what solutions are there, if any, to the effect of the recording on the speakers? In many cases, the recording may have to be with the speakersconsent in any case, for example, if recording teachers, doctors, magistrates, or official meetings of different kinds.One
21、argument, put forward by Wolfson(1976) ,is that there is no such thing as natural speech in any absolute sense. All language changes to be appropriate to the situation. All there is to study, then, is what people regard as appropriate in different situations. In any case, in all social situations, w
22、e ale. aware of being monitoned to some extent by others present: being monitored by a tape-recorder and researcher is therefore just a particular example of this. This type of argument usefully points out that the hunt for pure, natural or authentic data is a chimera. On the other hand, we may be i
23、nvestigating how people speak when they are un- comfortable. Being permanently recorded and studied is not a normal situation foxmost people, and those for whom it is an everyday occurance ( including celebrities, radio personalities, courtroom lawyers ) develop special strategies to deal with it. T
24、here is always the suspicion that in extraordinary situations people produce extraordinary language.One research strategy is proposed by J. Wilson. lie argues that since speakers will inevitably be affect- ed by the recording, one should deliberately study such effects: what he called tape-affected
25、speech. Exam- pies would include direct references to the recording equipment or uncharacteristically polite usages, or the opposite-deliberately obscene references, for example, where speakers are showing that they do not care what is recorded. This suggestion is useful, insofar as it warns researc
26、hers what to be aware of in recordings. On the other hand, we ought to know about normal language, not about such artificially produced ones.It is regularly proposed that speakers grow used to being recorded, and that tape-affected speeches de- crease with time. One can, therefore, record speakers o
27、ver some hours or days, and either edit out tape affect- ed sections, or simply discard earlier data. Although this principle seems very plausible, there appears to be no studies which have tested its validity. A similarly plausible but not well-tested claim is that if people are recorded in self-se
28、lected groups, then the pressures of interacting in a group will overrid the iuflueuce of the tape-recorder. Labor (1972b) claimes that recording Negro youths in their peer groups deceased the attention they paid to their speech. On the other hand, he was recording gangs of boys who might have gone
29、out of their way to display their group solidarity to the observer. A different version of this argument is to record natural social groups. I did so in working class areas of Belfast. I became a natural member of the groups, with a socially recognized role. Despite the fact that I was known by some
30、 members to be making tape-recordings, I was not seen as a researcher, but as a friend of a friend! Having been initiated into the group by someone who knew my interests, these interests were not always seen as relevant, and not necessarily mentioned in introducing me to other members. I could, ther
31、efore, observe the group while not being defined as an observer. In other ways, I found a way of being present myself without breaking the interactional equipment, and that the effect of recording could not last for long periods during which I recorded.（分数：5.00）(1).The author is mainly _（分数：1.00）A.t
32、alking about file practical problems concerning obtaining good quality audio - recordingsB.talking about the theoretical problems concerning obtaining good quality audio - recordingsC.talking about the observers paradoxD.talking about the speakers styles and conscious control(2).With modem audio -re
33、cording equipment, there is (are) _.（分数：1.00）A.no difficulty in recording speakers in many face -to- face situations or on the telephoneB.still some difficulties in recording speakers in many face -to -face situations or on the telephoneC.no difficulty in recording speakers in many face - to - face
34、situatious but some on the telephoneD.some difficulties in recording speakers in many face - to - face situations but not an the telephone(3).Wolfson maintains that there is no such thing as natural speech in any absolute sense, because _.（分数：1.00）A.all language changes to be appropriate to the situ
35、ationB.in any case, in all social situations, we are aware of being mentioned to some extent by others presentC.being mentioned by a tape - recorder and researcher is just one particular example of thisD.all of the above(4).J. Wilson argues that _.（分数：1.00）A.since speakers will inevitably be affecte
36、d by the recording one should not study such effectsB.since speakers will inevitably be affected by the recording one should deliberately study such effectsC.since speakers will not be affacted by the recording one should not study such effectsD.since speakers will not be affected by the recording o
37、ne should deloberately study such effects(5).It is generally proposed that speakers _.（分数：1.00）A.grow used to being recorded, and that tape - affected speeches increase with timeB.do not grow used to being recorded, and that tape-affected speeches increase with timeC.grow used to being recorded, and
38、 that tape - affected speeches decrease with timeD.do not grow used to being recorded, and that tape - affected speeches decrease with timeBTEXT B/BDrivers on me Basmg stoke by-pass used to have their attention diverted by a sign that read A MOMENTS INATTENTION CAUSES ACCIDENTS. This self-defeating
39、warning has now been removed but its message is still very much to the point. Almost anything can cause an accident. Apart front momentary inattention, it might be a minor miscalculation. Although human error plays its part, it is by no means the only cause of accidents. There must be some causes ot
40、her titan simple human error. Road construction also plays its part. It is on those roads where there are subtle visual traps. Wherever there is a “black spot“, it means that something is seriously wrong with the toad.If you have been involved in an accident and have stopped, you must give your name
41、, address , arid registration number to anyone who has a good reason for requesting it; this means anyone affected by the accident, If somebody is injured ,the driver must produce his insurance certificate on request, if these formalities are complied with it is not necessary to wait for the arrival
42、 of the police. It is, however, often wise to do so. The police are expert at drawing plans, taking measurements and photographs and gathering other evidence. In your absence the police could be given a biased story against you; and yourself might want to point out certain features of the accident t
43、o the police.（分数：5.00）(1).“A MOMENTS INATFENTION CAUSES ACCIDENT“ is a self-defeating warning because _.（分数：1.00）A.it is not trueB.it will distract the drivers attentionC.it is too difficult to understandD.it is too long to be read while driving a car(2).“By no means“ in line 4 means _.（分数：1.00）A.wi
44、thout doubtB.hardly notC.probably notD.in no way(3).“Subtle visual traps“ are _.（分数：1.00）A.place where the police hide in order to trap motoristsB.parts of the road which are deceptive to the drivers eyesC.danger spots such as sharp comers and cross-roadsD.places where there are too many road-signs(
45、4).Alter an accident you wait for the police because _.（分数：1.00）A.it is against the law to drive offB.they have to examine your papersC.somebody may give them a false account of the carD.they have to note the position of your car(5).Which of the following statements is better when a driver makes an
46、accident?（分数：1.00）A.Hed better stay until the police come.B.It is no need for him to wait for the arrival of the police.C.He has to finish the formalities.D.It is wise to go away without noting anything.BTEXT C/BReal policemen hardly recognize any resemblance between their lives and what they see on
47、 TV. There are similarities, of course, but the cops dont think much of them.The first difference is that a policemans real life revolves round the law. Most of his training is in criminal law, and what is more, he has to apply it oh his feet, in the dark and rain, running down an alley after someon
48、e he wants to talk to.Little of his time is spent in chatting to a scantily-clad lady or in dramatic confrontation with desperate criminals He will spend most of his working life typing millions of words on thousands of forms about hundreds of sad, unimportant people who are guilty-or not-of stupid, petty crimes.Most television crime drama is about finding the criminals as soon as hes arrested, the story is over. In real life, finding criminals is seldo
