1、专业八级-159 (1)及答案解析(总分：96.97，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART LISTENIN(总题数：3，分数：17.00)In the United States, charter schools provide alternatives to “regular“ public schools. Unlike most public schools, charters dont usually have an enrollment boundary and can recruit students from a larger geographic area. Features
2、 of charter schools1) admission process no discrimination a random of method like (1)_2) many different shapes to cater to specific regulations to offer a thematic or (2) _ curriculumto provide an alternative to regular public school3) location more likely to be found in (3) _ areas4) management run
3、 by large and small companies, parents, teachers, community groups and nonprofit organizations5) size most charter schools are new and (4) _6) academic results Charter schools dont necessarily produce better academic results than regular public schools. Funding of charter schools1) mostly from the s
4、tate, generally based on their (5)_2) also from grants and additional donations for ambitious programs not fully funded y state/ district formulas3) also a limited amount of (6) _ to help start new charter schools4) Funding for facilities can be (7) _ for charter schools. Monitoring of charter schoo
5、ls1) authorizers entities that grant schools (8) _, and monitor their performance including charter boards, school boards and (9)_2) key masons schools close They cant recruit enough students. They cant find a stable space to operate. They cant manage (10)_（分数：10.00）(1).（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:
6、_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_BSECTION B/BIQuestions l to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.Now listen to the news./I（分数：4.97）(1).What did Mrs. Bruces attitude towards suffragette m
7、ovement use to be?（分数：0.71）A.Supportive.B.Contradictory.C.Neutral.D.Ambiguous.(2).What did Mrs. Bruce think of the suffragettes efforts?（分数：0.71）A.They were useless.B.They were ridiculous.C.They were good in a lot of ways.D.They were somewhat limited.(3).Which of the following statements about the s
8、uffragette movement is TRUE according to Mrs. Brace?（分数：0.71）A.There would be much difference without the movement.B.The movement should be more peaceful.C.The movement actually did nothing good.D.The movement brought something harmful in the long term.(4).Which of the following about marching in th
9、e suffragette movement days is NOT true?（分数：0.71）A.The marching was violent.B.Nobody interfered.C.There were a few boos.D.There were a lot of clapping.(5).What does Mrs. Bruce think about politics?（分数：0.71）A.She thinks women shouldnt enter politics.B.She thinks beating men at politics is great.C.She
10、 thinks women sometimes can be better at politics than men.D.She thinks politics is mens job._I Questions 8 to 9 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question.Now listen to the news./I（分数：2.00）(1).Those miners had been protesting i
11、n Huanuni in Bolivia because they wanted to _.（分数：0.40）A.have higher salariesB.work under better conditionsC.keep independent mining jobsD.work for shorter hours(2).The protest was _.（分数：0.40）A.peacefulB.violentC.successfulD.meaningless_二、BPART READING (总题数：7，分数：20.00)BTEXT A/BJoy and sadness are ex
12、perienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted by
13、 Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies (or friends)
14、in the absence of language.Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emoti
15、ons of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups including the Fore
16、, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained
17、similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.Psychological researchers generally recognize
18、 that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can a
19、lso work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles (“feedback“) are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a persons facial expression can influence that persons emotional state. Consider Darwins words: “The free expression by outward signs o
20、f an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions.“ Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger?Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-
21、feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.What are the
22、 possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism. Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads t
23、o heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses). The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has found that the so-called Duc
24、henne smile, which is characterized by “crows feet“ wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.Ekmans observation may be relevant to the British expression “keep a stiff upper l
25、ip“ as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a “stiff“ lip suppresses emotional response as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten
26、emotional response.（分数：5.00）(1).The word “despondent“ in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to_.（分数：1.00）A.curiousB.sadC.elatedD.skeptical(2).Which of the following statements would NOT Darwin agree with?（分数：1.00）A.Facial expressions can only reflect emotional states.B.Facial expressions may
27、help people survive.C.Baring the teeth means the same to people all over the world.D.Human emotions that were not expressed would become less intensive.(3).According to paragraph 2, the Fore people_.（分数：1.00）A.knew little about Western cultureB.showed facial expressions different from people in othe
28、r parts of the worldC.were famous for their solitudeD.had never been taken photographs before(4).According to the facial-feedback hypothesis, the relationship between emotions and facial expressions is_.（分数：1.00）A.no causalB.causal with the former deciding the latterC.causal with the latter deciding
29、 the formerD.causal of two directions(5).Ekman has found that_.（分数：1.00）A.people might have different expressions for the same emotionB.pleasant feelings often stimulate Duchenne smileC.crows feet wrinkles often accompanied the Duchenne smileD.keeping a stiff upper lip was useful for handling stress
30、1.BTEXT B/BJan Hendrik Schons success seemed too good to be true, and it was. In only four years as a physicist at Bell Laboratories, Schon, 32, had co-authored 90 scientific papers one every 16 days, which astonished his colleagues, and made them suspicious. When one co-worker noticed that the same
31、 table of data appeared in two separate papers which also happened to appear in the two most prestigious scientific journals in the world, Science and Nature the jig was up. In October 2002, a Bell Labs investigation found that Schon had falsified and fabricated data. His career as a scientist was f
32、inished.If it sounds a lot like the fall of Hwang Woo Suk the South Korean researcher who fabricated his evidence about cloning human cells it is. Scientific scandals, which are as old as science itself, tend to follow similar patterns of hubris and comeuppance. Afterwards, colleagues wring their ha
33、nds and wonder how such malfeasance can be avoided in the future. But it never is entirely. Science is built on the honor system; the method of peer-review, in which manuscripts are evaluated by experts in the field, is not meant to catch cheats. In recent years, of course, the pressure on scientist
34、s to publish in the top journals has increased, making the journals much more crucial to career success. The questions raised anew by Hwangs fall are whether Nature and Science have become too powerful as arbiters of what science reaches the public, and whether the journals are up to their task as g
35、atekeepers.Each scientific specialty has its own set of journals. Physicists have Physical Review Letters; cell biologists have Cell; neuroscientists have Neuron, and so forth. Science and Nature, though, are the only two major journals that cover the gamut of scientific disciplines, from meteorolog
36、y and zoology to quantum physics and chemistry. As a result, journalists look to them each week for the cream of the crop of new science papers. And scientists look to the journals in part to reach journalists. Why do they care? Competition for grants has gotten so fierce that scientists have sought
37、 popular renown to gain an edge over their rivals. Publication in specialized journals will win the accolades of academics and satisfy the publish- or-perish imperative, but Science and Nature come with the added bonus of potentially getting your paper written up in The New York Times and other publ
38、ications.Scientists are also trying to reach other scientists through Science and Nature, not just the public. Scientists tend to pay more attention to the Big Two than to other journals. When more scientists know about a particular paper, theyre more apt to cite it in their own papers. Being off-ci
39、ted will increase a scientists “Impact Factor“, a measure of how often papers are cited by peers. Funding agencies use the Impact Factor as a rough measure of the influence of scientists theyre considering supporting.Whether the clamor to appear in these journals has any beating on their ability to
40、catch fraud is another matter. The fact is that fraud is terrifically hard to spot. Consider the process Science used to evaluate Hwangs 2005 article. Science editors recognized the manuscripts import almost as soon as it arrived. As part of the standard procedure, they sent it to two members of its
41、 Board of Reviewing Editors, who recommended that it go out for peer review (about 30 percent of manuscripts pass this test). This recommendation was made not on the scientific validity of the paper, but on its “novelty, originality, and trendiness“, says Denis Duboule, a geneticist at the Universit
42、y of Geneva and a member of Sciences Board of Reviewing Editors, in the January 6 issue of Science.After this, Science sent the paper to three stem-cell experts, who had a week to look it over. Their comments were favorable. How were they to know that the data was fraudulent? “You look at the data a
43、nd do not assume its fraud,“ says one reviewer, anonymously, in Science.In the end, a big scandal now and then isnt likely to do much damage to the big scientific journals. What editors and scientists worry about more are the myriad smaller infractions that occur all the time, and which are almost i
44、mpossible to detect. A Nature survey of scientists published last June found that one-third of all respondents had committed some forms of misconduct. These included falsifying research data and having “questionable relationships“ with students and subjects both charges leveled against Hwang. Nobody
45、 really knows if this kind of fraud is on the rise, but it is worrying.Science editors dont have any plans to change the basic editorial peer-review process as a result of the Hwang scandal. They do have plans to scrutinize photographs more closely in an effort to spot instances of fraud, but that p
46、olicy change had already been decided when the scandal struck. And even if it had been in place, it would not have revealed that Hwang had misrepresented photographs from two stem cell colonies as coming from 11 colonies. With the financial and deadline pressures of the publishing industry, its unlikely that the journals are going to take markedly stronger measures to vet manuscripts. Beyond replicating the experiments themselves, which would be impractical, its difficult to see what they could do to make Science beyond the honor system._BTEXT B/BJan Hendrik Schons success seemed t
