1、专业八级-155 及答案解析(总分：100.05，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LISTENING COMPREHENS(总题数：3，分数：100.00)Controlling Your Concentration. The concerned information of concentration A. Your attention span 1 e.g. the ticking of a watch sounds as if it increases and fades although the intensity of it is constant B. You pay attention
2、 to one thing at a time a(n) 2 : you attend to several concepts at a time In high concentration: the shift from focus of attention is a) of short 3 b) 4 C. 5 of your attention vary to different degrees high level: long periods of attending; short distraction periods low level: short periods of atten
3、ding; long distraction periods moderate level: 6 e.g. One can“t concentrate because 7 are too strong . Two sorts of distractors A. Psychological distractors 8 are the most powerful distractors a) angry man forgets the pain b) fearful man is hard to be happy c) anxious man is uneasy about the smalles
4、t of matters people act 9 under pressure B. 10 traits: always present and rarely understood physical distractors on mental tasks a) background music could affect comprehension and 11 b) distractors affect the ability to recall accurately c) 12 affects mental task adversely . Routine and 13 are affec
5、ted differently by distractors A. Distraction may not affect (14) in some backgrounds B. Exceptional people do well under 14 because motivation plays importantly differences exist in individual spans of attention （分数：30.00）Five Types of Books. Introduction A. Reading for information, hoping to impro
6、ve our minds with the information acquired give us the means to improve our lives B. Reading prodigiously British settlers brought the language to Australia; English was used as a means of control in 36 B Economic reasons spread of 37 language of communication in the 38 C 39 in international travel
7、use of English in travel and tourism 40 language of announcement language of 41 D 42 use of English in the academic world language of 43 or journal articles E Popular culture pop music on 44 films from the USA . Questions to think about A status of English in the future B 45 of distinct varieties of
8、 English （分数：40.05）专业八级-155 答案解析(总分：100.05，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LISTENING COMPREHENS(总题数：3，分数：100.00)Controlling Your Concentration. The concerned information of concentration A. Your attention span 1 e.g. the ticking of a watch sounds as if it increases and fades although the intensity of it is constant B.
9、 You pay attention to one thing at a time a(n) 2 : you attend to several concepts at a time In high concentration: the shift from focus of attention is a) of short 3 b) 4 C. 5 of your attention vary to different degrees high level: long periods of attending; short distraction periods low level: shor
10、t periods of attending; long distraction periods moderate level: 6 e.g. One can“t concentrate because 7 are too strong . Two sorts of distractors A. Psychological distractors 8 are the most powerful distractors a) angry man forgets the pain b) fearful man is hard to be happy c) anxious man is uneasy
11、 about the smallest of matters people act 9 under pressure B. 10 traits: always present and rarely understood physical distractors on mental tasks a) background music could affect comprehension and 11 b) distractors affect the ability to recall accurately c) 12 affects mental task adversely . Routin
12、e and 13 are affected differently by distractors A. Distraction may not affect (14) in some backgrounds B. Exceptional people do well under 14 because motivation plays importantly differences exist in individual spans of attention （分数：30.00）解析：vanes/fluctuates 原力原文 Controlling Your ConcentrationGood
13、 morning, everyone. Today our topic is on how to control your concentration. First of all, we have to look at definition of concentration. Psychologically defined, concentration is the process of centering one“s attention over a period of time. In practical application, however, concentration is not
14、 as simple to deal successfully with as the definition may imply. For this reason, it is helpful to keep the following points in mind. The first point, your attention span varies. Even with the greatest effort, our span of attention fluctuates. You can demonstrate for yourself this fluctuation of at
15、tention. In a quiet room, place a watch so that it can just scarcely be heard. Listen carefully and notice how the ticking increases in apparent intensity, fades to a point where it cannot be heard, and then increases again. This phenomenon reveals how our span of attention fluctuates, for the inten
16、sity of the ticking is actually constant. Secondly, you pay attention to one thing at a time. Evidence to date indicates that you attend to one idea at a time. It is possible for your attention to shift so rapidly that it seems that you attend to several concepts at once. But apparently this is only
17、 an illusion. In high concentration the shift from the focus of attention is of short duration and relatively infrequent. Thirdly, we will talk about levels of high, moderate, and low attention. High-level attention has long periods of attending and short distraction periods. In low-level attention
18、the periods of attending are short and the distraction periods long. In moderate-level attention, there is a mixture of the extremes. Thus it is easy to see that it is highly unlikely that the student who has most of his attention centered on fancying at large will be able to recall even the major p
19、oints of a lecture. Lack of concentration is a symptom, not a cause, of difficulty. When a student says “I can“t concentrate“, what he is really saying is, “ I can“t attend to the task at hand because my distractors are too strong.“ Fourthly, we come to the two sorts of distractorspsychological and
20、physical. A distractor is anything which causes attention to vary from a central focal point. In the study situation distractors may be thought of as either psychological or physical in nature. Both types of distractors must be understood before the student can attempt to remedy his lack of concentr
21、ation. It has been proven by scientists that emotions are the most powerful distractors. The angry man forgets the pain of injury, the fearful man finds it difficult to enjoy pleasure and the tense or anxious person may react violently to the smallest of matters. In the student“s life there are many
22、 psychological pressures and tensions which block effective productivity. The fears about making the grade, the doubts of the friendliness of a friend“s behaviour and the pressures of limited financesthese are only a few of the emotional forces which affect the student. Emotional reaction varies gre
23、atly from person to person. Some persons gain goal and direction from their tensions and actually do better because of them. Others fall apart under pressure, while a few people do well despite the pressure. Physical distractors are always present and rarely understood. Our environment is much more
24、important to how we feel and react than we often think. Particularly is this true of the effect of physical distractors on mental tasks. One research report has shown that comprehension and retention of reading were decreased when students listened to lively music. However, rate of reading was not a
25、ffected, so that many students were not aware that. they were affected by the background distractor. Another study found that the ability to recall accurately was affected by distracting conditions. Most of the evidence indicates that noise affects adversely higher mental task output. Still, the eff
26、ect of distractors is seldom fully appreciated by students. Next, we are going to talk about routine and reasoning tasks are affected differently by distractors. Many routine tasks can be performed with distraction in the background with little or no adverse effect on output. Most students have foun
27、d this fact to be true from their own experience. They may have had high school homework which was drill or merely copying assignments. It was possible to do such work with the latest recordings or the television set playing in the background. In time such students began to feel certain that they co
28、uld do all workroutine or problem-solvingin the same manner. The evidence indicates the contrary conclusion. Last but not least, we“ve got to remember that exceptions may mislead you. Typically when students are faced with the evidence on distractors the argument is given that their cousin, friend,
29、or classmate can study in “Grand Central Station.“ And he makes “all A“s“ too! There is evidence, of course, that motivation plays an important role in overcoming the effects of distractors and that there are considerable differences in individual spans of attention. Either of these factors could ac
30、count for some individuals being able to do well using inefficient methods. The fact that some exceptional people do well under adverse conditions scarcely justifies your assuming that you are exceptional in the same manner. Your chances of success are higher if you avoid the distracters which are k
31、nown to hinder the typical student. To sum up what we have discussed today. Generally speaking, today we mainly focused on concentrations and we have provided with you six suggestions on how to control your concentration. We hope these suggestions will be helpful. 解析 整篇讲座的主题是如何控制注意力。首先提出 concentrati
32、on的定义，接下来讲述第一个要点“你的注意力范围是变化(varies)的”，接着又再次提到“即使付出最大努力，我们注意力的范围还是波动(fluctuates)的”。因此，此空可填入 varies或 fluctuates。解析：illusion/misconception解析 录音原文提到，“你的注意力可能转移得很快，似乎能立刻注意到几个概念”，但紧接着说这种现象“是错觉(illusion)”。因此，此处应填入 illusion或misconception。要点提示词 but表示转折关系，其后的信息是常考之处，笔记中不可忽视。解析：duration/period解析 针对上一题提到的 illus
33、ion(错觉)，本题说的是对注意力的正确认识，录音提到“注意力的焦点转移是在很短时间(duration)内”，结合题目应填入 duration或其同义词period。解析：relatively infrequent解析 这里考查的是注意力转移的另一个情况：relatively infrequent。解析：Levels解析 录音提到了 attention的三种 level，即 high level，moderate level，low level。应填入 Levels。如果笔记中没有记下，还可以从题目后的分项内容中找到答案，level 出现了三次!注意首字母大写。解析：mixture of ex
34、tremes解析 录音提到，中度的注意力，是两者的结合。由于每个空格最多填入三个单词，故用 mixture of extremes。解析：distractors解析 录音提到：“因为分散我的注意力的干扰物(distractors)太强，我不能专心手头的工作。”由此可知答案为 distractors。录音中多次提到 distractors一词，多次提及的内容为常考处，笔记时需特别注意。解析：emotions解析 录音提到，科学家证实情绪(emotions)是造成分心的最大因素。由此可知填入emotions。若笔记中没有记录，还可根据题目中的 angry，fearful，anxious 进行推断，
35、这些词分别表达了各种情绪。解析：differently/variedly解析 录音原文描述了情绪对注意力的影响后，紧接着提到“对情绪的反应因人而异”，结合空格处前后的文字可以推断答案为 differently或 variedly。如果没有听清或听懂varies greatly from person to person，也可以从其后的 Some persons. Others.得知，人们在压力之下会有“不同的(different)”表现。解析：Physical distractors解析 填入的词与 Psychological distractors并列。结合录音不难发现这里填 Physica
36、l distractors。解析：retention解析 录音提到“研究报告表明，在听轻快的音乐时读书的理解力和记忆力(retention)降低了”。题目中已有了 comprehension，因此空白处填入 retention。解析：noise解析 录音提到，噪音影响思想的产出。缺少的是 noise。解析：reasoning tasks解析 录音最后提到了 distractors(干扰物)对于 routine(日常工作)和reasoning tasks(推理性工作)的影响。题目中已有 routine，所以应填入 reasoning tasks。解析：routine tasks解析 录音提到，很
37、多的日常工作在干扰的情况下让人可以进行。空格所在句缺少的正是 routine task。解析：adverse conditions解析 录音原文提到“有些人能在不利条件下(adverse conditions)做得很好”，此处讲的是例外的情况。空白处应填入 adverse conditions。若笔记没有记录，依据题目exceptional people do well可推测，这些个别的人或者例外的情况应当是不常见的，即与正常情况相反，结合题目，可推测答案应为 adverse conditions。Five Types of Books. Introduction A. Reading for
38、 information, hoping to improve our minds with the information acquired give us the means to improve our lives B. Reading prodigiously British settlers brought the language to Australia; English was used as a means of control in 36 B Economic reasons spread of 37 language of communication in the 38
39、C 39 in international travel use of English in travel and tourism 40 language of announcement language of 41 D 42 use of English in the academic world language of 43 or journal articles E Popular culture pop music on 44 films from the USA . Questions to think about A status of English in the future
40、B 45 of distinct varieties of English （分数：40.05）解析：native languages 原力原文 The Popularity of EnglishGood morning, everyone! Today“s lecture is about the popularity of English. As we all know, English is widely used in the world. Although English is not the language with the largest number of native or
41、 first language speakers, it has really become a lingua franca. Then what is a lingua franca? The term refers to a language which is widely adopted for communication between two speakers whose native languages are different from each other“s, and where one or both speakers are using it as a second l
42、anguage. For example, when an Indian talks to a Singaporean using English, then English is the lingua franca. Then actually how many people speak English as either a first or a second language? Some researchers suggested a few years ago that between 320 to 380 million people spoke English as a first
43、 language and anywhere between 250 to 350 million as a second language. And of course if we include people who are learning English as a foreign language all over the world, that number may increase dramatically. Then we may ask a question, “How did English get there?“ That is “How did English gain
44、the present status of popularity?“ There are, in fact, a number of interlocking reasons for the popularity of English as a lingua franca. Many of the reasons are historical, but they also include economic and cultural factors that have influenced and sustained the spread of the language. Let“s go th
45、rough the reasons one by one. First is the historical reason. This is related to the colonial history. As we know when the Pilgrim Fathers landed on the Massachusetts Coast in 1620 after their journey from England, they brought with them not just a set of the religious beliefs, a pioneering spirit o
46、r a desire for colonization, but also their language. Although many years later the Americans broke away from their colonial master, the language of English remained and still does. It was the same in Australia, too. When Commander Phillip planted the British flag in Sidney Cove on the 26th of Janua
47、ry, 1788, it was not just a bunch of British convicts and their guardians, but also a language. In other parts of the former British Empire, English rapidly became a unifying or dominating means of control. For example, it became a lingua franca in India where a variety of indigenous languages made
48、the use of any one of them as a whole country system problematic. So the imposition of English as the one language of administration helped maintain the colonizers“ control and power. Thus English travelled around many parts of the world in those days. And long after that colonial power has faded aw
49、ay, it is still widely used as a main or at least an institutional language in countries as far apart as Jamaica and Pakistan, Uganda and New Zealand. That is the first factor. Now the second major factor in the spread of English has been the spread of commerce throughout the world. The spread of international commerce has taken English along with it. This is the 20th century phenomenon of globalization. Therefore, one of the first sights many travelers see when arriving in countries as di
