1、专业八级-154 及答案解析(总分：100.05，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LISTENING COMPREHENS(总题数：3，分数：100.00)Non-Verbal CommunicationIn this talk, we are going to talk about the definition of non-verbal communication, dimensions of non-verbal communication and impression formation and management of nonverbal communication. . Definit
2、ion and the five primary functions A. Definition: Communication that is produced by some means other than Words B. The five primary functions 1. 1 Through the face, 2 , and voice 2. 3 of interpersonal attitudes Tone of voice, gaze, and touch 3. Accompany and support speech Nodding one“s head Using p
3、hrases like “uh-huh“ when another is talking 4. Self-presentation Appearance 5. 4 Greetings, handshakes or other rituals . Traditional dimensions of nonverbal communication 1. Physical appearance The first nonverbal messages Can be used to 5 2. Territory and personal space Personal space: the space
4、an individual maintains around him or herself Territory: a larger area an individual controls that can provide 6 3. 7 Happiness, surprise, fear, sadness, anger, disgust/contempt 4. 8 Reflect individual thought processes and regulate communication 5. Touch An interpersonal bond is being offered or es
5、tablished 6. Time Past-oriented: use past to 9 Future-oriented: work for tomorrow Present-oriented: live for today . Impression formation and management of nonverbal communication A. Definition: an individual“s conscious attempt at control over communication behaviors to 10 others B. Two important f
6、unctions for impression management: 11 function: consciously trying to control the impression one makes on the person with whom one is communicating with 12 : consciously controlling your emotional response C. Four dimensions of impressions: 13 Likeability Interpersonal attractiveness -Dominance D.
7、Factors that influence the impressions we form about other people: 14 First impressions 15 Last impressions （分数：30.00）Five Things for College Graduates to Know. Degree does not 16 you to a job A. Your situation after graduation other graduates too got degrees B. Reminders for your attention learn to
8、 differentiate 17 stop 18 take personal responsibility shape your future with 19 . Find what you really love to do A. The time you have after college don“t burden with heavy 20 : a mortgage, family, etc, to move back home or room with a buddy B. Use that time to find what you“d love to do never 21 a
9、void falling into a(n) 22 have a goal, plan, or passion to shoot for . Learn how to interact with people: a 23 skill A. Put it into practice constantly B. Learn to greet people with a smile C. Make small talk, get to know your 24 , etc, D. Learn to be 25 . Learn to practice 26 A. Office politics doe
10、s exist and it“s not pretty B. Keep all emails, have everything 27 C. Document a potential 28 . Learn to build b) First impressions that might affect all subsequent perceptions and may be resistant to change; c) Selective perceptions whereby we pay attention to things that are consistent with our ow
11、n past experiences and concerns; and d) Last impressions in which we disproportionately weigh the influence of an individual“s most recent action or our last contact with the individual. OK. I have outlined the six aspects of non-verbal communication and how non-verbal communication affects our imag
12、e and impression. In our next lecture, we shall discuss the micro-expression and macro-expression, two concepts central to decoding human behaviors. 解析 非语言交际的五大功能中第一个就是情感表达。注意题目设置规律，首字母大写。解析：body解析 本题考查的是表达情感这一功能可以通过哪些方面来实现。讲座中提到可以通过脸、身体和声音来表达情感。因此，这里填的是 body。解析：Communication解析 非语言文字交际也可以表达人际关系之间的态度
13、，即人际关系的建立与维系通常是通过非语言文字信号来表达的(比如声调、凝视和触碰等)。本题的答案为 Communication。解析：Rituals解析 非语言文字交际的第五大功能是仪式，即打招呼、握手等其他类似的仪式。本题的答案为 Rituals。解析：develop judgments解析 讲座提到，外貌是第一个非语言文字信息，常被用来判断他人。填入录音原词 develop judgments。解析：privacy解析 这里考查 territory的情况。讲座谈到，territory 是个人能够控制的较大的区域，可以保护隐私。空格处缺少的是 privacy。解析：Facial express
14、ions解析 从传统的意义上说，非语言文字交际分为几大方面，人们最常使用面部表情这种非语言文字交际的方式来表达态度以及情感。所以答案为 Facial Expressions。解析：Gestures and postures解析 动作和姿势也是反映人们思考过程和交流方式的一种手段，本题的答案为 Gestures and Posture。本题考查的是关键信息，应在听力时适当做笔记，如果在听力中未能记录下信息，学生应能从下文的分论点中辨别出本段话的中心思想，推理出答案。解析：shape the present解析 时间也是非语言文字交流的一种手段，人们谈论时间或者使用时间的方式可以反映出一个人的性格
15、，有些人是为未来而工作，有的人则活在当下，还有一些人用过去塑造现在。所以本题的答案为 shape the present。解析：impress解析 非语言文字交流也可以用于印象管理。印象管理指的是人们有意识的控制交流行为和提示，以达到目的，令对方产生自己想获得的印象。这里考生需要把 make a desired impression转化为动词 impress。解析：Presentational解析 印象管理有几种功能，其中的一种是 presentational function，即展示功能，人们通过非语言文字交流等手段有意识地控制交流对象对他们的印象。所以本题的答案为Presentationa
16、l。解析：Affect management解析 第二种印象管理的功能是 Affect management。注意题目设置规律，首字母大写。解析：Credibility解析 印象分为四大方面，本题考查的是第一方面“可靠度”，即一个人看起来能力多大，可信赖程度有多高。所以本题的答案为 Credibility。解析：Stereotypes解析 讲座的最后部分谈到了影响印象形成的因素，其中第一个就是 Stereotypes，即固有成见。解析：Selective perceptions解析 影响一个人的印象的有几个方面，其中的一个为“选择性的看法”，即我们更为注意的方面，总是与我们过去的经历和关注的问
17、题联系更为紧密的。本题的答案为 Selective perceptions。Five Things for College Graduates to Know. Degree does not 16 you to a job A. Your situation after graduation other graduates too got degrees B. Reminders for your attention learn to differentiate 17 stop 18 take personal responsibility shape your future with 19
18、 . Find what you really love to do A. The time you have after college don“t burden with heavy 20 : a mortgage, family, etc, to move back home or room with a buddy B. Use that time to find what you“d love to do never 21 avoid falling into a(n) 22 have a goal, plan, or passion to shoot for . Learn how
19、 to interact with people: a 23 skill A. Put it into practice constantly B. Learn to greet people with a smile C. Make small talk, get to know your 24 , etc, D. Learn to be 25 . Learn to practice 26 A. Office politics does exist and it“s not pretty B. Keep all emails, have everything 27 C. Document a
20、 potential 28 . Learn to build in fact, it wasn“t even really a topic at all until the US Army released their new counterinsurgency field manual last year and started for operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Thinking about how I came to be a “go-to“ person on this topic has gotten me thinking about h
21、ow anyone becomes the person to call when you need help, about how people become experts in their field. In fact, anyone who thinks they have learned everything there is to know about a topic probably isn“t an expertI“d call them something closer to “rank amateur“, Let“s start with this question: Wh
22、at“s an expert? While knowledge is obviously an important quality of expertise, it“s only one of several factors that make someone an expert in their field, I“ve come up with five characteristics of real experts: knowledge, experience, communication ability, connectedness and curiosity. Now let“s co
23、me to them respectively in detail. Clearly being an expert requires an immense working knowledge of your subject, Part of this is memorized information, and part of it is knowing where to find information you haven“t memorized. In addition to knowledge, an expert needs to have significant experience
24、 working with that knowledge. He or she needs to be able to apply, it in creative ways, to be able to solve problems that have no pre-existing solutions they can look up and to identify problems that nobody else has noticed yet. Expertise without the ability to communicate it is practically pointles
25、s. Being the only person in the world who can solve a problem, time after time after time, doesn“t make you an expert, it makes you a slave to the problem. It might make you a living, but it“s not going to give you much time to develop your expertise-meaning sooner or later, someone with knowledge a
26、nd communication ability is going to figure out your secret, teach it to the world, and leave you to the dustbin of history. Expertise is, ultimately, social. Experts are embedded in a web of other experts who exchange new ideas and approaches to problems, and they are embedded in a wider social web
27、 that connects them to people who need their expertise. Experts are curious about their field and recognize the limitations of their own understanding of it. They are constantly seeking new answers, new approaches, and new ways of extending their field. Then, let“s move on to this topic: How to beco
28、me an expert? Sometimes becoming an expert just kind of happens, which is how I became an expert in anthropology and counterinsurgency without really trying. But most of the time, we carefully pursue expertise, whether through schooling, self-education, on-the-iob training, or some other avenue. The
29、re“s no “quick and easy“ path to expertise. That said, people do become experts every day, in all sorts of fields. You become an expert by focusing on these things: Firstly, that is perpetual learning. Being an expert means being aware, sometimes painfully aware, of the limitations of your current l
30、evel of knowledge. There simply is no point as which you“re “done“ learning your field. Invest yourself in a lifelong learning process. Constantly be on the lookout for ideas and views both within and from outside your own field that can extend your own understanding. Then, build strong connections
31、with other people in your field. Seek out mentorsand make yourself available to the less experienced. Also, learn to promote yourself to the people who need your skillsthe only way you“ll gain experience is by getting out and doing, which is what“s we called networking. Furthermore, not just in the
32、“gain experience“ sense but in your the “practice what you preach“ sense. You wouldn“t trust a personal organizer who always forgot your appointments, or a search engine optimization expert whose site was listed on the 438th results page in Google, right? Your daily practice needs to reflect your ex
33、pertise, or people will not trust you as an expert. So, practice is necessary. The fourth thing is presentation skills: Learn to use whatever technologies you need to present your expertise in the best possible way. And by “technologies“ I don“t just mean web design and PowerPoint, I mean writing, d
34、rawing, public speakingeven the way you dress will determine whether you“re taken for an expert or a know-it-all schmuck. Lastly, remember to share: 10 years ago, nobody knew they needed expert bloggers on their staff to promote themselves. 5 years ago, nobody knew they needed SEO experts to get att
35、ention for their websites. A handful of early expertsexperts that, in some cases, didn“t even know what they were experts in shared enough of what they knew to make people understand why they needed experts. Share your knowledge widely, so that people understand why they need an expert, and you don“
36、t become a one-trick pony who is the only person who can fix a particular problem. To sum up briefly, we“ve discussed what an expert is and how to become one. Hope all of you have enjoyed this lecture. Thank you. 解析 讲座的主题是 what makes someone an expert in his/her field?接着演讲者提到了他在一次受邀参加有关人类学的学术会议演讲时开始
37、思考这个问题，因此答案为 academic conference。文章一开始介绍讲座的主题和演讲者对主题的看法或相关叙述，是常考之处。解析：characteristics/features解析 此题开始谈论作为真正领域专家的 5个特征，故答案为characteristics或 features。要点提示 let“s start with后是常考内容，笔记不可忽略。解析：memorized information解析 此题涉及第一个特征的具体信息，包括两种类型：memorized information和 knowing where to find information。因此答案为 memor
38、ized information。解析：find information解析 此题涉及第二个特征，根据空格前的不定式标志 to，判断填入动词原形，填原词 find information。解析：creative ways解析 讲座提到，他/她能够用一种创新的方式运用。因此填入 creative ways。解析：no pre-existing/no ready-made解析 此题涉及第二个特征 experience。讲座提到，他/她应能解决无前例可参考的问题，因此，空白处应为 no pre-existing或同义词 no ready-made。解析：Communication ability/A
39、bility to communicate解析 此题涉及第三个特征。在之前的录音中已出现过该信息 knowledge，experience，communication ability，connectedness and curiosity，而且根据具体的深入解释，Expertise without the ability to communicate it is practically pointless，可知答案应为 Communication ability或 Ability to communicate。解析：a slave解析 讲座提到，作为世界上唯一一个能解决问题的人，随着时间推移，
40、这不会让你成为专家，反而会让你成为问题的奴隶。空格处缺少的是 a slave。解析：Connectedness/Being socialized解析 此题在之前的录音中也出现过。此外，讲座还提到Expertise is，ultimately，social，因此答案为 Connectedness或 Being socialized。分论点或分标题是常考之处，笔记需注意。解析：understanding limitations解析 讲座提到，专家对自己的领域很好奇，而且知道自己的极限。由于空格最多填入三个词，故将录音提到的内容概括为 understanding limitations。解析：sel
41、f-education/on-the-job training解析 此题开始谈论文章的第二个主题，如何成为专家。列举了几种方式.pursue expertise，whether through schooling，self-education，on-the-job training，or some other avenue，结合题目出现的 etc.，只需填入其中一个内容即可。可知答案为self-education或 on-the-job training。列举是常考之处，尤其是多个方式，笔记应特别留意。解析：limitation/lack/shortage解析 考查 perpetual lea
42、rning的内容。讲座提到“作为专家，就意味着要保持清醒，有时会是痛苦的清醒，因为你必须知晓你目前知识水平所存在的缺陷(limitation)。”故答案为 limitation，或根据句意填入同义词 lack，shortage。解析：networking解析 根据题目设置，填入的内容与 perpetual learning并列。讲座提到，将自己推销给需要你的技能的人，我们称之为 networking。填入 networking一词即可。解析：reflecting/showing/presenting解析 考查 practice的内容。根据“你的每日练习需反映(reflect)出你的专业技能，否则人们不会相信你是位专家”，故答案为 reflecting或showing，presenting。解析：sharing your knowledge解析 由原文 Share your knowledge widely可知本题答案。关于分论点或分标题的内容是常考之处，笔记需注意。
