1、专业八级-147 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PROOFREADDING & ERRO(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：25.00)Educational philosophy has changed a great deal in the 50 years since I was in school. Back then, for example, I had the highest grades in school, but many of my teachers went out of their way to cut
2、me down so I wouldn“t get conceit. Aside from 1 the debated question of whether that worked, the point is that 2 today, the educational establishment has the opposite philosophy. They tend to tell all kids they are smart. I have seen elementary schools that most students are selected as “Honors Stud
3、ents.“ 3 Research clearly shows that if students learn best from their 4 mistakes depend on a student“s self-perception. Research by Carol 5 Dweck and colleagues at Stanford demonstrated that the students who are most likely to learn from their mistakes are those who don“t think of themselves as sma
4、rt as such and smart enough to get 6 smarter. They have a “growth mindset,“ a belief system they can 7 get better if they will just invest in the time and effort. In one of 8 the group“s experiments, half of students were repeatedly praised 9 for “being smart,“ and these students were not good at le
5、arning from mistakes. It is not clear why. Maybe they thought the problem was in the learning material, not in them. The other half of students were praised for effort and improvement and these students got better and made few mistakes. Several months later, 10 all students repeated a standardized t
6、est, and the “smart“ students“ scores dropped 20%, while the “growth mindset“ students scored 30% higher.（分数：25.00）三、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：25.00)In a Bertelsmann Foundation study on social justice released this fall, the United States came in deadly last among the rich 1 countries, with only Greece, Ch
7、ile, Mexico and Turkey faring worse. Whether in poverty prevention, child poverty, income inequality and health ratings, the United States ranked below 2 countries like Spain and South Korea, not mention Japan, 3 Germany or France. It was another sign of how badly Americans are hurting their middle
8、class. Wars, famine and violence have been devastated 4 middle classes before, in Germany and Japan. But when the smoke cleared and the dust settled, a social structure roughly similar to what existed before would always resurface. No nation has ever lost an existing middle class, and the United Sta
9、tes is in danger of that yet. But the percentage of 5 national income holding by the top 1 percent of Americans went 6 from about 10 percent in 1980 to 24 percent in 2007, that is a 7 worrisome signal. So before the United States continues on its current road of dismantling its version of the welfar
10、e state, of expanding the gap between rich and poor, Americans might do well glance south. The lesson is that even after a large middle class 8 emerges, yawning inequities between rich and poor severely strain any society“s cohesion and harmony. The United States has never had the type of robust wel
11、fare state that European built after World War II. It didn“t need that. 9 Through private initiative and efforts to equalize opportunity, Americans long ago ensured that a huge middle class would provide the social glue to hold his society together. 10 （分数：25.00）四、Passage 3(总题数：1，分数：25.00)Young peop
12、le are facing an uncertain future. As the 21st century dawned, they were promised a wealth of prospects unless 1 they stayed in education or took up with the wide range of training 2 opportunities. Now, more than 10 years on, their dreams of education and job opportunities have disintegrated, for re
13、asons far beyond their control. While it is something of an adult pastime to complain about young people, we have to face up with our responsibility for 3 letting down a generation. The economical crisis has brought with 4 it a tsunami of jobless young people and many more teenagers waiting in wings
14、 wondering what the future holds. Rather than 5 jump on the “ aren“t they all nuisances and responsible rioters“ 6 bandwagon, which would have been an easy movement to make 7 given the coverage teenagers got over the summer, the government has produced a paper on how we all need to be Positive For Y
15、outh. Positive For Youth call for a “new partnership approach“ in 8 local areas-between businesses, charities, public services, the general public and young people-to provide more opportunities and better support to our teens. For businesses and charities, young people are their future employers and
16、 customers. For public 9 services, early and positive support can reduce the chances of public funds wasting in holding young people in expensive secure 10 provision, or managing the remedial effects of inadequate support and assistance as they reach young adulthood.（分数：25.00）五、Passage 4(总题数：1，分数：25
17、.00)Pub-talk, the most popular activity in all pubs, is a native dialect with its own distinctive grammar. There are very few restriction on what you can talk about in pubs: pub etiquette is 1 concerned mainly about the form of your conversation, not the 2 content. When a regular enters into the pub
18、, you will often hear a 3 chorus of friendiy greetings from the other regulars, the publican 4 and bar staff. The regular responds to each greeting, usually addressed the greeter by name or nickname. No one is conscious 5 of obeying a rule or following a formula, yet you will hear the same greeting
19、ritual in every pub in the country. The words may not even be particular polite: a regular may be 6 greeted with “Back again, Joe?-haven“t you got a home to go to?“ or “Ah, just in time to buy your round, Joe! “. When you first enter a pub, don“t just drink-start by saying “Good evening“ and 7 “Good
20、 morning“, with a friendly nod and a smile, to the bar staff and the regulars at the bar counter. For most natives, this will trigger an automatic, reflex greeting-response, if it is only a nod. 8 Don“t worry if the initial respond is somewhat reserved. By 9 greeting before ordering, you have commun
21、icated friendly intentions. Although this does not make you an “instant regular“, it will be noticed, your subsequent attempts to initiate contact will be 10 received more favorably.（分数：25.00）专业八级-147 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PROOFREADDING & ERRO(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：25.00)Education
22、al philosophy has changed a great deal in the 50 years since I was in school. Back then, for example, I had the highest grades in school, but many of my teachers went out of their way to cut me down so I wouldn“t get conceit. Aside from 1 the debated question of whether that worked, the point is tha
23、t 2 today, the educational establishment has the opposite philosophy. They tend to tell all kids they are smart. I have seen elementary schools that most students are selected as “Honors Students.“ 3 Research clearly shows that if students learn best from their 4 mistakes depend on a student“s self-
24、perception. Research by Carol 5 Dweck and colleagues at Stanford demonstrated that the students who are most likely to learn from their mistakes are those who don“t think of themselves as smart as such and smart enough to get 6 smarter. They have a “growth mindset,“ a belief system they can 7 get be
25、tter if they will just invest in the time and effort. In one of 8 the group“s experiments, half of students were repeatedly praised 9 for “being smart,“ and these students were not good at learning from mistakes. It is not clear why. Maybe they thought the problem was in the learning material, not i
26、n them. The other half of students were praised for effort and improvement and these students got better and made few mistakes. Several months later, 10 all students repeated a standardized test, and the “smart“ students“ scores dropped 20%, while the “growth mindset“ students scored 30% higher.（分数：
27、25.00）解析：conceitconceited解析 词汇错误。conceit 可以作名词或动词，此处应该用其形容词形式conceited。意为“骄傲的，自负的”。解析：debateddebatable解析 词汇错误。debated 作形容词，意为“被争论的”，debatable 的意思是“有争议的；可争论的”。而此处作者要强调的是这个问题具有争议性，所以用 debatable更合适。解析：thatwhere解析 语法错误。schools 后接的是一个定语从句，而在此定语从句中，that 既不是作主语，也不是作宾语，而是作状语，表示“在这些学校”，所以应该用表示地点的关系副词 where来引
28、导。解析：ifwhether解析 词汇错误。引导主语从句一般用 whether，而不用 if。解析：dependdepends解析 语法错误。depend 的主语是 whether引导的从句，单个从句作主语时，应该当做单数名词来看，所以谓语动词也应该用单数形式。解析：andbut解析 语篇错误。从上下文的语义来判断，句间的逻辑关系应为转折关系。前面一句说到“最有可能从错误当中学习的学生是那些认为自己并不那么聪明”，后句则说“聪明到足以认识到通过努力可以变得更聪明”，前句的“不那么聪明”和后句的“聪明”形成语义的转折，故应把 and改为but。解析：systemthat解析 语法错误。仔细分析此
29、句的意思，they can get better if.应该作a“growth mindset”或者 a belief system的同位语，用以说明它们的具体内容，而同位语从句的引导词 that是不能省略的。解析：(invest)in in 解析 词汇错误。invest 表示“投入(时间，金钱等)”时，通常用在 invest time/money/effort (in sth./in doing sth.)结构中，故此处删掉 in。解析：studentsthe解析 词汇错误。此处是特指参加实验的学生，所以应加上表示特指的定冠词。解析：fewfewer解析 词汇错误。few 意为“很少，几乎没
30、有”，而由此句的 better一词，我们可以看出此句是对比实验前后学生的表现，而且从上下文以及客观常识来推断，一次实验并不能让学生不犯错误，所以此处应该用比较级 fewer。三、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：25.00)In a Bertelsmann Foundation study on social justice released this fall, the United States came in deadly last among the rich 1 countries, with only Greece, Chile, Mexico and Turkey farin
31、g worse. Whether in poverty prevention, child poverty, income inequality and health ratings, the United States ranked below 2 countries like Spain and South Korea, not mention Japan, 3 Germany or France. It was another sign of how badly Americans are hurting their middle class. Wars, famine and viol
32、ence have been devastated 4 middle classes before, in Germany and Japan. But when the smoke cleared and the dust settled, a social structure roughly similar to what existed before would always resurface. No nation has ever lost an existing middle class, and the United States is in danger of that yet
33、. But the percentage of 5 national income holding by the top 1 percent of Americans went 6 from about 10 percent in 1980 to 24 percent in 2007, that is a 7 worrisome signal. So before the United States continues on its current road of dismantling its version of the welfare state, of expanding the ga
34、p between rich and poor, Americans might do well glance south. The lesson is that even after a large middle class 8 emerges, yawning inequities between rich and poor severely strain any society“s cohesion and harmony. The United States has never had the type of robust welfare state that European bui
35、lt after World War II. It didn“t need that. 9 Through private initiative and efforts to equalize opportunity, Americans long ago ensured that a huge middle class would provide the social glue to hold his society together. 10 （分数：25.00）解析：deadlydead解析 词汇错误。deadly 意为“致命的，死一般的，非常的”，用在此处解释不通，而 dead last
36、意为“最末，垫底”，符合上下文的意思。解析：andor解析 词汇错误。此处与上文的 whether连用，应该用 or，表示“是还是，不管还是”。解析：mentionto解析 词汇错误。not to mention 是一个固定词组，意为“更不用说”。解析：been been 解析 语法错误。devastate 意为“摧毁”，此句的意思是“战争、饥荒、暴力曾经摧毁了德国，日本的中产阶级”，谓语应该用主动语态。解析：innot解析 语篇错误。该段的第一句话告诉我们“没有哪个国家曾经失去过它的中产阶级”，从连词 and判断，第二句应表达相类似的意思，也就是说，美国目前也没有这样的危险(即失去中产阶级)
37、，所以要加上否定词 not。注意，本句末尾的 yet只是一个加强语气的副词，而不是表示转折关系的连词。解析：holdingheld解析 语法错误。此处是分词短语作后置定语，通过 hold之后的介词 by以及hold与其修饰的词 the percentage of national income之间的逻辑关系，可以断定此处应该用过去分词形式。解析：thatwhich 或thatand解析 语法错误。逗号不能连接两个独立的句子。要么在逗号之后用which引导一个非限制性定语从句，修饰前面整句话；要么加上 and，使前后两句成为并列句。解析：glanceto解析 词汇错误。might do well
38、 意为“最好做，不妨做”，其后通常接动词不定式作宾语，故应补上 to。解析：EuropeanEuropeans 或 Europeancountries解析 词汇错误。European 在此处可以理解为名词，表示“欧洲人”，但应该用 European的复数形式泛指欧洲人，也可以理解为形容词“欧洲的”，后面加上 countries。解析：histheir解析 语篇错误。本句的主语是 Americans，故此行中 his society在指代的单复数上有误。要把 his改作 their。四、Passage 3(总题数：1，分数：25.00)Young people are facing an unc
39、ertain future. As the 21st century dawned, they were promised a wealth of prospects unless 1 they stayed in education or took up with the wide range of training 2 opportunities. Now, more than 10 years on, their dreams of education and job opportunities have disintegrated, for reasons far beyond the
40、ir control. While it is something of an adult pastime to complain about young people, we have to face up with our responsibility for 3 letting down a generation. The economical crisis has brought with 4 it a tsunami of jobless young people and many more teenagers waiting in wings wondering what the
41、future holds. Rather than 5 jump on the “ aren“t they all nuisances and responsible rioters“ 6 bandwagon, which would have been an easy movement to make 7 given the coverage teenagers got over the summer, the government has produced a paper on how we all need to be Positive For Youth. Positive For Y
42、outh call for a “new partnership approach“ in 8 local areas-between businesses, charities, public services, the general public and young people-to provide more opportunities and better support to our teens. For businesses and charities, young people are their future employers and customers. For publ
43、ic 9 services, early and positive support can reduce the chances of public funds wasting in holding young people in expensive secure 10 provision, or managing the remedial effects of inadequate support and assistance as they reach young adulthood.（分数：25.00）解析：unlessif解析 语篇错误。原句在逻辑上解释不通。通过上下文我们可以推断，作
44、者要表达的意思是“在 21世纪刚刚来临时，他们以为，如果接受了良好的教育和广泛的培训，就一定会有一个美好的未来”，故将 unless改为 if。解析：with with 解析 词汇错误。take up with 意为“开始与来往，开始产生兴趣”，与此处的 the wide range of training opportunities搭配，解释不通。take up 意为“开始从事，占用，占据”，用在此处表示“接受广泛的培训机会”。解析：withto解析 词汇错误。face up to 是固定短语，意为“勇敢面对”。若要与 with搭配，则常用于 be faced with的结构。解析：econ
45、omicaleconomic解析 词汇错误。经济危机应译为 economic crisis，而 economical的意思为“经济的，节约的，合算的”，用在此处，不符合上下文的意思。解析：wingsthe解析 词汇错误。wait in the wings 是固定短语，意为“时刻准备着”。解析：responsibleirresponsible解析 语法错误。该段第一句告诉我们“成年人总是以抱怨年轻人的种种不是来作为消遣”，暗示了成年人对年轻人总是给予负面评价，而且从本句的：nuisances, rioters两词来看，此处也应该是一个表贬义的词，故改为 irresponsible。解析：move
46、mentmove解析 词汇错误。movement 意为“运动，活动，动向”，不符合上下文的意思，而 move作名词时，有“动作，步骤，措施”的意思，此处与 make搭配使用，表示“采取行动或措施”。解析：callcalls解析 语法错误。此句的主语 Positive For Youth是某一项活动的名称，是一个单数意义的词组，所以谓语动词也应该用单数形式。解析：employersemployees解析 词汇错误。对于商家来说，年轻人应该是他们未来的雇员，而不是雇主。解析：wastingwasted解析 语法错误。此处 wasting是分词短语作后置定语，而 waste与 fund之间是被动关系
47、，表示“被浪费在上的资金”，故改为过去分词形式。五、Passage 4(总题数：1，分数：25.00)Pub-talk, the most popular activity in all pubs, is a native dialect with its own distinctive grammar. There are very few restriction on what you can talk about in pubs: pub etiquette is 1 concerned mainly about the form of your conversation, not th
48、e 2 content. When a regular enters into the pub, you will often hear a 3 chorus of friendiy greetings from the other regulars, the publican 4 and bar staff. The regular responds to each greeting, usually addressed the greeter by name or nickname. No one is conscious 5 of obeying a rule or following
49、a formula, yet you will hear the same greeting ritual in every pub in the country. The words may not even be particular polite: a regular may be 6 greeted with “Back again, Joe?-haven“t you got a home to go to?“ or “Ah, just in time to buy your round, Joe! “. When you first enter a pub, don“t just drink-start by saying “Good evening“ and 7 “Good morning“, with a friendly nod and a smile, to the bar staff and the regulars at the bar counter. For most natives, this will trigger
