1、专业八级-141 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PROOFREADDING a departure 1 of a few degrees from this value serious impairs their functioning. 2 Even though cells can survive wider fluctuations the integrated actions of bodily systems are impaired. Other animals have a wide 3 tolerance for changes of bodily
2、temperature. For century it has been recognized that mammals and birds 4 differ other animals in the way they regulate body temperature. 5 Ways of characterizing the difference have become more accurate and meaningful over time, but popular terminology still reflects an 6 old division into “warm-blo
3、oded“ and “cold-blooded“ species; warm-blooded included mammals and birds whereas all other creatures were considered cold-blooded. As more species were studied, it became evident that this classification was adequate. A 7 cold-blooded fence lizard usually has a body temperature only a degree or two
4、 below those of humans and so is not cold. Therefore 8 the next distinction was taken between animals that maintain a 9 constant body temperature, called homeotherms, and those whose body temperature varies with their environments, called poikilotherms. But this classification was also proved inadeq
5、uate, 10 because among mammals there are many that vary their body temperatures during hibernation. Furthermore, many invertebrates that live in the depths of the ocean never experience change in the depths of the ocean, and their body temperatures remain constant.（分数：25.00）三、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：25.0
6、0)The days when journalism was limited to obtaining press briefings and writing first hand account of happenings in the 1 surrounding world are definitely over. Also over is the simplistic interview journalism you published question answers from 2 interviews with dignity. Your well-researched articl
7、es, picking 3 facts and figures from scores of reports, publications, papers etc. is also a done thing now. If you are privy to information that others 4 do not have your chances of becoming a successful journalist are poor. There was a time that journalists and media did not indulge in 5 expressing
8、 opinions connected with the news stories. They would simply put the facts before the people and let people to arrive at 6 their own conclusions. This is true no more. Now apart from bringing breaking news, the media openly engages itself in expressing views and opinions neither for or against it. I
9、n recent 7 times, they not only exposed various scandals but also made the 8 public feel strongly about it. Even public opinion building by the media was acceptable but now it has crossed over to yet other domain, in finding out to what extent a given person was guilty of misconduct and the kind of
10、punishment he/she deserved. So before any law enforcing agency or court of law comes to some decision in a given case, the media 9 is ready with its conclusions. This role of media is pestering many including the government and the other day the prime minister had to say that media was now functioni
11、ng all of one as accuser, 10 prosecutor and judge.（分数：25.00）四、Passage 3(总题数：1，分数：25.00)The word “freedom“ for many black Americans is inextricably linked with the word “slavery.“ While it has 148 years 1 since the Emancipation Proclamation, and 47 years since the landmark Civil Rights Act, for many,
12、 the words of Martin Luther King in his famous speech still ring real: “The Negro lives on a 2 lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.“ Many black Americans still find themselves spiritually and economically slaved on the figurative 21st-century plantation. 3 Wh
13、y is that still so? After all, for the last 47 years, our leaders have passed on bill after bill ostensibly to free black Americans 4 from the manacles of poverty and provide ever-stronger safety nets for those disadvantaged. Because two very formidable forces have 5 conspired over these last 47 yea
14、rs-almost the span of my complete life-to shackle the economic freedoms and aspirations 6 of the black community: liberal progressive policies, generally supported by Democrats, and the socialist ideology espoused by prominent blacks as A1 Sharpton and Jesse Jackson. 7 This is always curious to me t
15、hat black Americans typically 8 vote Democrat, when it was a Republican president, Abraham Lincoln, who issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, and a Republican from Ohio, Representative James Mitchell Ashley, who came forth the bill to support an amendment to end slavery 9 throughout the Unit
16、ed States. Nearly 100 years late, when the 10 initial Civil Rights Bill came before the full Senate in 1964, it was a group of 18 Southern Democrats who argued most fervently against its passage.（分数：25.00）五、Passage 4(总题数：1，分数：25.00)The nature of work is changing. Recent technological advances, a shi
17、ft from manufacturing to service-based organizations, increased global competition, and the importance of knowledge workers all have contributed to a dynamic and complex work environment. To survive, organizations must embrace flexibility and adaptability. They must have a systems view that help the
18、m to integrate the meaning of common everyday 1 occurrences into overall interrelationships, interdependencies, and patterns of change to allow them to achieve this needed adaptability. Very often, organizations accompany these goals 2 through the implementation of teams. A team is a collective of d
19、ependent individuals who together 3 have shared objectives, mental models, and procedures that guide their perceptions, thinking, and behaviors toward a common goal. The process which teams achieve this commonality is called 4 collaboration. Dissimilarly, cooperation has been discussed as a 5 team s
20、kill competency that includes offering help to those team members who need it, pacing activities to fit the needs of the team, and behaving so that actions are not misinterpreted. Collective organizations immerse themselves to the virtues of collaboration 6 and cooperation by reducing the hierarchy
21、of social stratification on which traditional bureaucratic organizations rely. However, 7 they encourage decisions to be made by the collective group to foster a sense of community and shared purpose. Cooperation and teamwork facilitate coordination, communication, adaptability, enhance employee par
22、ticipation, and empowerment, thereby 8 allowing individuals to achieve collective outputs that are greater than the sum of their parts. Organizations continue to depend on teams and the synergy they engender to assist at streamlining work 9 processes that promote efficiency, the increased innovation
23、, and 10 quality of products and services.（分数：25.00）专业八级-141 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PROOFREADDING a departure 1 of a few degrees from this value serious impairs their functioning. 2 Even though cells can survive wider fluctuations the integrated actions of bodily systems are impaired. Other ani
24、mals have a wide 3 tolerance for changes of bodily temperature. For century it has been recognized that mammals and birds 4 differ other animals in the way they regulate body temperature. 5 Ways of characterizing the difference have become more accurate and meaningful over time, but popular terminol
25、ogy still reflects an 6 old division into “warm-blooded“ and “cold-blooded“ species; warm-blooded included mammals and birds whereas all other creatures were considered cold-blooded. As more species were studied, it became evident that this classification was adequate. A 7 cold-blooded fence lizard
26、usually has a body temperature only a degree or two below those of humans and so is not cold. Therefore 8 the next distinction was taken between animals that maintain a 9 constant body temperature, called homeotherms, and those whose body temperature varies with their environments, called poikilothe
27、rms. But this classification was also proved inadequate, 10 because among mammals there are many that vary their body temperatures during hibernation. Furthermore, many invertebrates that live in the depths of the ocean never experience change in the depths of the ocean, and their body temperatures
28、remain constant.（分数：25.00）解析：withwithin解析 词汇错误。range(范围)一词前用 within，表示“在某个范围内”，符合文中意思，而 with表示“拥有”或“伴随”的意思，不符合此处要表达的意思。解析：seriousseriously解析 语法错误。serious 是形容词，不能修饰动词 impair，应改用其副词形式 seriously。解析：widewider解析 语篇错误。根据上下文，此句意为“(与哺乳动物和鸟类相比)其他动物对体温变化的容忍度大一些。”前后句之间有比较的意味。所以应该用比较级 wider，表示对比。解析：centurycentu
29、ries解析 词汇错误。For centuries 是固定短语，意为“几个世纪以来”。解析：differfrom解析 词汇错误。differ from 是固定搭配，意为“与不同，区别于”。解析：anthe解析 词汇错误。此处是特指过去对动物的一种划分方法，即把动物划分为暖血动物和冷血动物，故应用定冠词。解析：adequateinadequate解析 语篇错误。根据上下文。随着对更多物种的研究，我们发现原来对暖血动物和冷血动物的划分是不充分的(inadequate)。比如有的动物，体温只比人类低一到两度，而被划为冷血动物，就是不恰当的。故此处应改为 inadequate，符合文意。解析：thos
30、ethat解析 语法错误。此处对比的对象是 a body temperature，是一个单数形式的名词，而且通过常识，我们知道人类的身体常温都是相同的，因此应该用单数概念的代词 that。解析：takenmade解析 词汇错误。distinction 通常和动词 make搭配，意为“区分，区别”。解析：was was 解析 词汇错误。prove 在表示“证明是，原来是”这一意思时，通常用在 prove to be这一结构中，其中 to be可以省略。例如：The rumor proved(to be)true.这谣传证明是真的。三、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：25.00)The da
31、ys when journalism was limited to obtaining press briefings and writing first hand account of happenings in the 1 surrounding world are definitely over. Also over is the simplistic interview journalism you published question answers from 2 interviews with dignity. Your well-researched articles, pick
32、ing 3 facts and figures from scores of reports, publications, papers etc. is also a done thing now. If you are privy to information that others 4 do not have your chances of becoming a successful journalist are poor. There was a time that journalists and media did not indulge in 5 expressing opinion
33、s connected with the news stories. They would simply put the facts before the people and let people to arrive at 6 their own conclusions. This is true no more. Now apart from bringing breaking news, the media openly engages itself in expressing views and opinions neither for or against it. In recent
34、 7 times, they not only exposed various scandals but also made the 8 public feel strongly about it. Even public opinion building by the media was acceptable but now it has crossed over to yet other domain, in finding out to what extent a given person was guilty of misconduct and the kind of punishme
35、nt he/she deserved. So before any law enforcing agency or court of law comes to some decision in a given case, the media 9 is ready with its conclusions. This role of media is pestering many including the government and the other day the prime minister had to say that media was now functioning all o
36、f one as accuser, 10 prosecutor and judge.（分数：25.00）解析：firsta解析 语法错误。此句中 account意为“报道，描写”，是可数名词，且第一次出现，故需要用不定冠词 a修饰。此处 first hand意为“第一手的”。解析：youwhere解析 语法错误。根据上下文语义，此句前半部分说单纯的访谈新闻已不复存在了，后半部分说刊登采访显要人物的问题答案，可见后半句是 interview journalism的定语，此定语从句中缺地点状语，故需加上关系副词 where。解析：dignitydignitaries解析 词汇错误。intervie
37、w with 表示“与进行访问”，后面常接人。dignity为名词，意为“庄严、尊贵”，放在此处，语义不明。dignitary 表示“显贵，要人”，用于此处符合上下文语义。解析：IfUnless解析 语篇错误。根据上下文语义，前句说“你掌握他人所没有的私家信息”，后句说“你成为一名成功记者的机会很少”，前后构成条件关系，但前者的“掌握内部信息”和后者的“机会很少”矛盾，所以应该否定前者。unless 意为“如果不，除非”，含有否定意思，相当于 if. not，故此处应该用 Unless。解析：thatwhen解析 语法错误。此处是定语从句，先行词 a time在句中作时间状语，故应该用关系副词
38、 when引导，相当于 at which。解析：to to 解析 语法错误。let 是使役动词，后面接不带 to的不定式作宾补。解析：neithereither解析 语篇错误。either. or.意为“或者或者”，表示两者选一，连接句中两个并列的成分；neither. nor.意为“既不也不”。此句的意思是“媒体公开参与发表自己对某则新闻事件的意见和观点，要么支持，要么反对。”故此处应该用 either. or，把 neither改为 either。解析：theyit解析 语篇错误。此处指代的是前一句的主语 the media，应该用单数 it，而不是they。解析：someany解析 词汇
39、错误。用于肯定句中，some 表示“一些”，any 意为“任何”。此句要表达的意思是“在任何执法机关或法院对某个案例作出任何决定之前”，故此处应该改为 any，与句首的 any相呼应。解析：ofin解析 词汇错误。all in one 固定搭配，意为“合为一体”，此句表示“媒体已集多种职能于一体：原告、检举人和法官”，故此处应该用介词 in。四、Passage 3(总题数：1，分数：25.00)The word “freedom“ for many black Americans is inextricably linked with the word “slavery.“ While it
40、has 148 years 1 since the Emancipation Proclamation, and 47 years since the landmark Civil Rights Act, for many, the words of Martin Luther King in his famous speech still ring real: “The Negro lives on a 2 lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.“ Many black Ame
41、ricans still find themselves spiritually and economically slaved on the figurative 21st-century plantation. 3 Why is that still so? After all, for the last 47 years, our leaders have passed on bill after bill ostensibly to free black Americans 4 from the manacles of poverty and provide ever-stronger
42、 safety nets for those disadvantaged. Because two very formidable forces have 5 conspired over these last 47 years-almost the span of my complete life-to shackle the economic freedoms and aspirations 6 of the black community: liberal progressive policies, generally supported by Democrats, and the so
43、cialist ideology espoused by prominent blacks as A1 Sharpton and Jesse Jackson. 7 This is always curious to me that black Americans typically 8 vote Democrat, when it was a Republican president, Abraham Lincoln, who issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, and a Republican from Ohio, Representa
44、tive James Mitchell Ashley, who came forth the bill to support an amendment to end slavery 9 throughout the United States. Nearly 100 years late, when the 10 initial Civil Rights Bill came before the full Senate in 1964, it was a group of 18 Southern Democrats who argued most fervently against its p
45、assage.（分数：25.00）解析：hasbeen解析 语法错误。此句的主语 it指时间，谓语动词应该是 be，后面出现了 since短语，应该用完成体，故要加上 been。解析：realtrue解析 词汇错误。real 和 true都可以表示“真的”这一意思，real 指客观上存在，并非想象或虚构的，它是与“无”相对而言。true 是指“真实的”，强调和实际情况相符，它是与“假”相对而言。true 还可以表示“正确的”，real 没有这种用法。此处要表达的意思是“马丁路德金著名演讲里所说的话仍然是正确的。”故要改为 true。解析：slavedenslaved解析 词汇错误。slave
46、作不及物动词表示“做苦工，像奴隶般工作”，enslave作及物动词，表示“使成为奴隶”，此句的意思是“许多美国黑人发现自己成为了比喻意义上的 21世纪种植园的奴隶。”故用 enslaved符合上下文语境。解析：on on 解析 词汇错误。pass 表示“通过，批准”的意思时是及物动词，后面直接接宾语，不需要介词 on。pass on 为固定搭配，表示“传递”，放在此处语义不通。解析：BecauseBut解析 语篇错误。由上下文语义判断，此句与前句应该是转折关系，而不是因果关系。前句提到美国领导人通过了一个又一个法案，以使美国黑人摆脱贫困的枷锁，并为弱势群体提供了更强大的安全网，本句则说两股强大
47、的力量共同束缚着美国黑人的经济自由和远大抱负。前后形成鲜明的对照，故应该用表转折关系的连词替换 Because。解析：completeentire/whole解析 词汇错误。complete, entire 和 whole作为形容词都是指“全部的，完整的”，entire 指形状、数量或时间范围整体，在许多情况下可以与 whole通用，complete 强调所有需要的或正确的部分都存在。此处表示“一生”，是个时间范围的整体，故应该用 entire或whole。解析：assuch解析 词汇错误。根据上下文语义，句中 Al Sharpton and Jesse Jackson应该是杰出黑人的两个代表
48、，故应该用 such as表示列举。解析：ThisIt解析 语法错误。从意义上判断，此句真正的主语应该是 that从句，This 不能作形式主语，故应改为 It。解析：camebrought解析 词汇错误。come forth 意为“出现，被公布”，放在此处语义不通，此句要表达的意思是“James Mitchell Ashley 提出了一个法案，支持在全美废除奴隶制的修正案”，故应该用 bring forth，表示“提出”。解析：latelater解析 词汇错误。late 作副词表示“晚，迟”，later 表示“以后”，此处的意思是“大约 100年以后”，故应该用 later，符合上下文语义。
49、五、Passage 4(总题数：1，分数：25.00)The nature of work is changing. Recent technological advances, a shift from manufacturing to service-based organizations, increased global competition, and the importance of knowledge workers all have contributed to a dynamic and complex work environment. To survive, organizations must embrace flexibility and adaptability. They must have a systems view that help them to integrate the meaning of common everyday 1 occurrences into overall interrelationships, inte
