1、专业八级-122 (1)及答案解析(总分：95.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART LISTENIN(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、BSECTION A/B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Many articles and books have been written in recent years about culture in organizations, usually referred to as “Corporate Culture“. Maintaining corporate culture1) Hewlett-Packard corporate culture:
2、U U 1 /U /Ufor others, a sense of community, and plain hard work maintenance of corporate culture: through extensive training of managers and employees 2) Southwest Airlines zealous about hiring: looking for a particular type of person, regardless of U U 2 /U /U to spend a lot of time and communicat
3、e with employees in a variety of ways and a large part of it is U U 3 /U /U. Diversity of corporate cultureFive continuums of cultures according to the Hofstede Cultural Orientation Model1) Individual vs. U U 4 /U /UOrientation2) Power-distance Orientation3) U U 5 /U /UOrientation4) Dominant-Values
4、Orientation5) U U 6 /U /UOrientation. Change of corporate culture1) To reengineer themselves: change to U U 7 /U /Uorientation common and U U 8 /U /Ugoals organizational commitment role clarity among team members team leadership mutual accountability with the team complementary knowledge and skills
5、reinforcement of required behavioral competencies power ( veal and perceived) shared rewards2) Increasing importance of corporate culture: result of several recent developments employees: to be more responsible and think like U U 9 /U /U; expected to always be“on-call“ companies: giving employees mo
6、re flexible work schedules; filling employees need to belong to U U 10 /U /U （分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_三、BSECTION B/B(总题数：1，分数：4.00)（分数：4.00）(1).Diane Larsen-Freeman was a_ major when she was an undergraduate student. A. sociology B. psychology C
7、. philosophy D. anthropology（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(2).Diane Larsen-Freeman advises new teachers to focus on_. A. the students B. class preparation C. class atmosphere D. class interaction （分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(3).Diane Larsen-Freeman refrains from saying that some teachers are doing wrong because_ A. she wan
8、ts to sound polite B. she thinks language teaching is not a right-or-wrong matter C. she thinks they are doing their best D. she believes no teaching is perfect （分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(4).Diane Larsen-Freeman is fond of using low-tech things in class for all the following reasons EXCEPT that_. A. she want
9、s to be interactive B. they are convenient C. they help to focus the learners attention D. she is afraid of technology （分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(5).Diane Larsen-Freemans sons consider _to be a privilege. A. world travel B. education C. knowledge of the world D. service（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.四、BSECTION C/B(总题数：2，分
10、数：4.00)（分数：2.00）(1).What might happen in the accident on Monday? A. An Egyptian was probably killed by the warning shots. B. Three boats all received two sets of warning shots. C. All the small boats stopped immediately at the warning. D. No one died on one of the Egyptian small boats.（分数：1.00）A.B.C
11、.D.(2).The Egyptian boat continued to approach the American ship probably because A. the Egyptians thought it was OK to approach military vessels. B. the ship was a civilian vessel and caused misunderstanding. C. the Egyptians did not understand the words of warning. D. no warning flare was fired by
12、 the U.S. navy on the ship.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.（分数：2.00）(1).What does the news item say about the latest attack in Srinagar? A. The attack took place in the citys commercial district. B. Four people were killed in the attack. C. It took place outside the police station. D. The attack led to a big fire
13、in the city.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the news item, which of following statements is NOT true about Kashmir? A. The problems of Kashmir cannot be resolved by political means now. B. The fighting in the Kashmir is less severe than before. C. The whole region is under the ruling of Indian gov
14、ernment now. D. Taliban militants might be active in the region.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.五、BPART READING (总题数：0，分数：0.00)六、BTEXT A/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)In 1896 a Georgia couple suing for damages in the accidental death of their two year old was told that since the child had made no real economic contribution to t
15、he family, there was no liability for damages. In contrast, less than a century later, in 1979, the parents of a three year old sued in New York for accidental-death damages and won an award of $750,0O0.The transformation in social values implicit in juxtaposing these two incidents is the subject of
16、 Viviana Zelizers excellent book, Pricing the Priceless Child. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful“ child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the “useless“ child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extrem
17、ely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally “priceless.“ Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regul
18、ations and compulsory education laws predicated in pan on the assumption that a childs emotional value made child labor taboo.For Zelizer the origins of this transformation were many and complex, The gradual erosion of childrens productive value in a maturing industrial economy, the decline in birth
19、 and death rates, especially in child mortality, and the development of the companionate family (a family in which members were united by explicit bonds of love rather than duty) were all factors critical in changing the assessment of childrens worth. Yet “expulsion of children from the cash nexus,
20、. although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic, occupational, and family structures,“ Zelizer maintains, “was also pan of a cultural process of sacralization of childrens lives.“ Protecting children from the crass business world became enormously important for late-nineteenth-century
21、middle-class Americans, she suggests; this sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace.In stressing the cultural determinants of a childs worth, Zelizer takes issue with practitioners of the new “sociological economics,“ wh
22、o have analyzed such traditionally sociological topics as crime, marriage, education, and health solely in terms of their economic determinants. Allowing only a small role for cultural forces in the form of individual “preferences,“ these sociologists tend to view all human behavior as directed prim
23、arily by the principle of maximizing economic gain. Zelizer is highly critical of this approach, and emphasizes instead the opposite phenomenon: the power of social values to transform price. As children became more valuable in emotional terms, she argues, their “exchange“ or “surrender“ value on th
24、e market, that is, the conversion of their intangible worth into cash terms, became much greater.（分数：5.00）(1).It can be inferred from the passage that accidental-death damage awards in America during the nineteenth century tended to be based principally on the _. A. earnings of the person at titan o
25、f death B. wealth of the party causing the death C. degree of guilt of the party causing the death D. amount of suffering endured by the family of the person killed（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).It can be inferred from the passage that in the early 1800 s children were generally regarded by their families as
26、individuals who _. A. needed enormous amounts of security and affection B. required constant supervision while working C. were important to the economic well-being of a family D. were financial burdens assumed for the good of society（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the following alternative explanation
27、s of the change in the cash value of children would most likely come from sociological economists? A. Parents began to increase their emotional investment in the upbringing, of their children. B. Childrens expected earnings over the course of a lifetime increased greatly. C. Compulsory education law
28、s reduced the supply, and thus raised the costs, of available child labor. D. Changes in the law made available of indemnity for damages in accidental-death cases.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following statements of American families in 19th century can be inferred from the passage? A. Family m
29、embers became more economically dependent on each other. B. The percentage of families involved in industrial work declined dramatically. C. Family members became mom emotionally bonded to one another. D. Family members spent an increasing amount of time working with each other.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).
30、Zelizer refers to all of the following as important influences in changing the assessment of childrens worth EXCEPT changes in _. A. the nature of industry B. the nature of the family C. attitudes toward reform movements D. attitudes toward the marketplace（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.七、BTEXT B/B(总题数：2，分数：8.00)P
31、ublic transit. In North America, public transportation has been the major casualty of the commitment to the automobile. Ridership on public transportation declined in the United States from 23 billion per year in the late 1940s to 7 billion in the early 1990s. At the end of World War I, U.S. cities
32、had 50,000 kilometers of street railways and trolleys that carried 14 billion passengers a year, but only a few hundred kilometers of track remain. The number of U. S. and Canadian cities with trolley service declined from about fifty in 1950 to eight in the 1960s: Boston, Cleveland, New York, New O
33、rleans, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, San Francisco, and Toronto.Buses offered a more flexible service than trolleys, because they were not restricted to operating only on fixed tracks. General Motors acquired many of the privately owned streetcar companies and replaced the trolleys with buses that the
34、company made. But bus ridership has declined from a peak of 11 billion riders per year in the late 1940s to 5 million in the 1990s. Commuter railroad service, like trolleys and buses, has also been drastically reduced in most U.S. cities.The one exception to the downward trend in public transportati
35、on in the United States is the subway, now known to transportation planners as fixed heavy rail. Cities such as Boston and Chicago have attracted new passengers through construction of new lines and modernization of existing service. Chicago has been a pioneer in the construction of heavy rail rapid
36、 transit lines in the median strip of expressways. Entirely new subway systems have been built in recent years in a number of U.S. cities, including Atlanta, Baltimore, Miami, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C.Public transportation is particularly suited to bringing a large number of people into a
37、small area in a short period of time. Consequently, its use is increasingly confined in the United States to rush-hour commuting by workers in the central business district. A bus can accommodate thirty people in the amount of space occupied by one automobile, while a double-track rapid transit line
38、 can transport the same number of people as sixteen lanes of urban freeway.Despite modest recent successes, most public transportation systems are caught in a vicious circle, because fares do not cover operating costs. As patronage declines and expenses rise, the fares are increased, which drives aw
39、ay passengers and leads to service reductions and still higher fares. Public expenditures to subsidize construction and operating costs have increased, but public officials in the United States do not consider that public transportation is a vital utility deserving subsidy to the degree long assumed
40、 by European governments.In contrast, even in the relatively developed Western European countries and Japan, where automobile ownership rates are high, extensive networks of bus, tram, and subway lines have been maintained, and funds for new construction have been provided in recent years. Since the
41、 late 1960s, London has opened 27 kilometers of subways, including two new lines, plus 18 kilometers in light rail transit lines to serve the docklands area. During the same period, Paris has built 65 kilometers of new subway lines, including a new system, known as the Reseau Express Regional (R. E.
42、 R.) to serve outer suburbs.Smaller cities have shared the construction boom. In France alone, new subway lines have been built since the 1970s in Lille, Lyon, and Marseille, and hundreds of kilometers of entirely new tracks have been laid between the countrys major cities to operate a high-speed tr
43、ain known as the TGV.（分数：3.00）(1).Which of the following is NOT true of the public transportation systems in the developed countries? A. Commuter railroad service, trolleys and buses have been reduced in the U. S. B. Subways have largely been maintained. C. Fares usually can not cover operating cost
44、s. D. U.S. officials think it worthwhile to subsidize public transportation.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following countries is the locality of the R. E.R. system? A. England. B. the United States. C. Germany. D. France.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The decline of bus ridership in the U.S. is caused by
45、_. A. the rise of bus fares B. the increased number of private cars C. the improvement of the commuter railroad service D. the poor condition of the transportation infrastructure（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.Among the many ways in which people communicate through speech, public speaking has probably received mor
46、e study and attracted more attention than any other. Politicians campaigning for public office, sales-people presenting products, and preachers delivering sermons all depend upon this form of public communication. Even people who do not make speaking a part of their daily work are often asked to mak
47、e public speeches: students at graduation, for instance, or members of churches, clubs, or other organizations. Nearly every-one speaks in public at some time or other, and those who perform the task well often become leaders.There are many masons for speaking in public. A public speaker may hope to teach an audience about new ideas, for example, or provide information about some topic. Creating a good feeling or entertaining an audience may be another purpose. Public speakers, however, most often seek to persuade an audience to adopt new opinions, to take certain actions,
