1、专业八级-101 (1)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART LISTENIN(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Norms: Types and Acceptance Sociologists find that to understand a culture, it is very important to understand its norms. B. Definition of “Norms“/B They are the U1 /U standards of behaviour maintained by a society. 1 _. B. Types
2、 of Norms/B Norms are distinguished in two ways: A. Formal and informal norms Formal norms are generally U2 /U and involve strict rules for punishment of violators. 2. _. One example is laws. Informal norms are generally U3 /U but are not precisely recorded. 3. _. Standards of proper dress are an ex
3、ample. B. Mores and folkways Mores embody the most valuable U4 /U of a people and are regarded highly necessary 4. _. to the welfare of a society. Examples are mores against U5 /U and treason. 5. _. Folkways govern U6 /U and the violation cause relatively little concern. 6. _. They are important in
4、shaping peoples daily behaviour. B. Acceptance of Norms/B People in a culture normally follow its norms, hut they are not followed in all situations. A. In some cases, people evade a weakly-enforced norm. U 7 /U is an example 7. _. B. In some instances norms are violated because one norm U8 /U with
5、another. 8. _. For example, your intervening of your neighbours improper behaviour. C. Any norm has U9 /U. 9. _. Eaves-dropping and self-defence are examples. D. Acceptance of norms is subjected to U10 /U. 10. _. Womens role is an example.（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空
6、项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_二、BSECTION B/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)I Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview./I（分数：5.00）(1).What is the most striking feature of Parkers books to the
7、interviewer?（分数：1.00）A.They focus on the future of education.B.They mainly talk about education for all.C.They require participation of readers.D.They should be treated as one book.(2).What is the purpose of Parkers book?（分数：1.00）A.To find ways to establish virtual education system and to provide ed
8、ucation for all.B.To examine the, changes in university in the past and in the future.C.To promote the effort to solve problems of hunger, health through education.D.To explore a new way to engage public efforts in writing books via internet.(3).What is Parkers attitude to university in the future?（
9、分数：1.00）A.Virtual global education system will replace university in the future.B.University will continue to play a key role in the future.C.Residential campus will be integrated into the virtual educational system.D.Universities should open their doors to every member in a society.(4).Which is not
10、 the feedback to his books that Parker gets?（分数：1.00）A.Parker has embarked on a too ambitious project.B.His books failed to provide the latest information.C.He should pay more attention to modern technology.D.His books cannot satisfy people with different backgrounds.(5).Parker hopes that in the fut
11、ure his work can _.（分数：1.00）A.engage more people from different parts of the worldB.attract more attention from the educational expertsC.response better to the criticisms he received from the worldD.develop into resource base for solving educational problems三、BSECTION C/B(总题数：4，分数：5.00)I Questions 6
12、 to 7 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question. Now listen to the news./I（分数：2.00）(1).Viktor Yushchenko has finally been declared the winner _.（分数：1.00）A.more than two weeks after the rerun presidential electionB.less than two
13、 weeks after the rerun presidential electionC.more than two weeks before the rerun presidential electionD.less than two weeks before the rerun presidential election(2).What is the former Prime Minsters attitude towards the outcome?（分数：1.00）A.Optimistic.B.Pessimistic.C.Objective.D.Not concerned.1.I Q
14、uestion 8 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news./IThe incident occurred in _.（分数：1.00）A.the south of Baghdad on SundayB.the south of Baghdad on SaturdayC.the north of Baghdad on SundayD.the north of Ba
15、ghdad on Saturday2.I Question 9 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news./IAccording to Goerge W. Bush, what will be the future action of US concerning the Kyoto Accord?（分数：1.00）A.To call on more effort t
16、o reduce human beings contribution to global climate change.B.To include more developing countries into the Accord.C.To continue to oppose to the Accord.D.To sign the treaty to cut emissions of carbon dioxide.3.I Question 10 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be gi
17、ven 10 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news./IThe 1980 convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material _.（分数：1.00）A.made it “legally binding“ for states to protect all nuclear facilities and materialsB.dealt with the protection of nuclear facilities and materials not only
18、 in transport but also irt use and storageC.also provided for expanded international cooperation to prevent nuclear theft.D.only dealt with fissile materials while in transport.四、BPART READING (总题数：5，分数：20.00)BTEXT A/BThat Louis Nevelson is believed by many critics to be the greatest twentieth-centu
19、ry sculptor is all the more Uremarkable/U because the greatest resistance to women artists has been, until recently, in the field of sculptor. Since Neolithic times, sculpture has been considered the prerogative of men, partly, perhaps for purely physical reasons: it was erroneously assumed that wom
20、en were not suited for the hard manual labor required in sculpting stone, carving wood, or working in metal. It has been only during the twentieth century that women sculptors have been recognized as major artists, and it has been in the United States, especially since the decades of the fifties and
21、 sixties that women sculptors have shown the greatest originality and creative power. Their rise to prominence parallels the development of sculpture itself in the United States, while there had been a few talented sculptors in the United States before the 1940s, it was only after 1945-when New York
22、 was rapidly becoming the art capital of the world-that major sculpture was produced in the United States. Some of the best were the works of women.By far the most outstanding of these women is Louis Nevelson, who in the eyes of many critics is the most original female artist alive today. One famous
23、 and influential critic, Hilton Kramer, said of her work, “For my- self, I think Ms. Nevelson succeeds where the painters often fail.“Her work have been compared to the Cubist constructions of Picasso, the Surrealistic objects of Miro, and Merzbau of Schwitters. Nevelson would be the first to admit
24、that she has been influenced by all of these, as well as by American sculpture, and by native American and pre-Columbian art, but she has absorbed all these influences and still created a distinctive art that expresses the urban landscape and the aesthetic sensibility of the twentieth century. Nevel
25、son says, “I have always wanted to show the world that art is everywhere except that it has to pass through a creative mind.“Using mostly discarded wooden objects like packing crates, broken pieces of furniture, and abandoned architectural ornaments, all of which she has hoarded for years, she assem
26、bles architectural constructions of great beauty and power. Creating very freely with no sketches, she glues and nails objects together, paints them in boxes. These assemblages, walls, even entire environments create a mysterious, almost awe-inspiring atmosphere Although she denied any symbolic or r
27、eligious intent in her works, their three-dimensional grandeur and even their titles, such as Sky Cathedral and Night Cathedral, suggests such connotations. In some ways, her most ambitious works are closer to architecture than to traditional sculpture, but then neither Louis Nevelson nor her art fi
28、ts into any neat category. (450)（分数：4.00）(1).The passage focuses primarily on _.（分数：1.00）A.a general tendency in twentieth-century artB.the work of a particular artistC.the artist influences on women sculptorsD.materials used by twentieth-century sculptors(2).The author quotes Hilton Kramer in parag
29、raph 2 most probably in order to illustrate _.（分数：1.00）A.the realism of Nevelsons workB.the unique qualities of Nevelsons styleC.a distinction between sculpture and paintingD.the extent of critical approval of Nevelsons work(3).Which of the following is one way in which Nevelsons art illustrates her
30、 theory as it is expressed in paragraph 4?（分数：1.00）A.She sculpts in wood rather than in metal or stoneB.She paints her sculptures and frames them in boxes.C.She makes no preliminary sketches but rather allows the sculpture to develop as she works.D.She puts together pieces of ordinary objects once u
31、sed for different purposes to make her sculptures.(4).The author regards Nevelsons sculpture in the art world as “remarkable“ (Line 2, Para. I ) because _.（分数：1.00）A.Nevelsons sculptures are difficult to understandB.few of the artists prominent in the twentieth century have been sculptorsC.women scu
32、lptors have found it especially difficult to be accepted and recognized as major artistsD.many art critics have favored painting over sculpture in writing about developments in the art worldBTEXT B/BShams and delusions are estimated for soundest troths, while reality is fabulous. If men would steadi
33、ly observe realities only, and not allow themselves to be deluded, life, to compare with such things as we know, would be like a fairy tale and the Arabian Nights entertainments. If we respected only what is inevitable and has a fight to be, music and poetry would resound along the streets. When we
34、are unhurried and wise, we perceive that only great and worthy things have any permanent and absolute existence, that petty fears and petty pleasures are but the shadow of the reality. This is always exhilarating and sublime.By closing the eyes and slumbering, and consenting to be deceived by shows,
35、 men establish and confirm their daily life of routine and habit everywhere, which still is built on purely illusory foundations. Children, who play life, discern its true law and relations more clearly than men, who fail to live it worthily, but who thinks that they are wiser by experience, that is
36、, by failure.I have read in a Hindoo book, that “there was a kings son, who, being expelled in infancy from his native city, was brought up by a forester, and growing up to maturity in that state, imagined himself to belong to the barbarous race with which he lived. One of his fathers ministers disc
37、overed him, revealed to him what he was, anti the misconception of his character was removed, and he knew himself to be a prince. So soul,“ continued the Hindoo philosopher, “from the circumstance from which it is placed, mistakes its own character, until the truth is revealed to it by some holy tea
38、cher, and then it knows itself to be Brahme.“We think that that is which appears to be. If a man should give us an account of the realities he beheld, we should not recognize the place in his description. Look at the meeting house, or a court-house, or a jail, or a shop; or a dwelling-house? and say
39、 what that thing really is before a true gaze, and they would all go to pieces in our account of them. Men esteem truth remote, in the outskirts of the system, behind the furthest star, before Adam and after the last man. In eternity there is indeed something true and sublime. But all these times an
40、d places and occasions are now and here.God himself culminate in the present moment, and will never be more divine in the lapse of all ages. And we are enabled to apprehend at all what is sublime and noble only by the perpetually instilling and drenching of the reality that surrounds us. The univers
41、e constantly and obediently answers to our conceptions; whether we travel fast or slow, the track is laid for us. Lets spend our lives in conceiving them. The poet or the artist never yet had so fair and noble a design some of his posterity at least could accomplish it. (495)（分数：3.00）(1).The author
42、believes that a child _.（分数：1.00）A.should practice what the Hindoos preachB.frequently faces vital problems better than grownups doC.prefers to be a barbarian than to be a princeD.hardly ever knows his true origin(2).The passage implies that human beings _.（分数：1.00）A.believe in fairy talesB.are immo
43、ral if they are lazyC.should be bold and fearlessD.cannot distinguish the true from the untrue(3).The passage is primarily concerned with problems of _.（分数：1.00）A.music and artB.society and populationC.history and economicsD.theology and philosophyBTEXT C/BThe communists preoccupation with economic
44、growth and their whole attitude towards economic progress have been shaped by Marxs theory of long-run development of human society. This theory places economic development at the center of the entire social philosophy and it is impossible to study the Marxists political, social and economic views w
45、ithout referring to it. Without the knowledge of this theory it is difficult to understand the communists dogmatic belief in the superiority of their system, whatever are the observable facts, and their faith in the final victory over capitalism. Economic development has to lead, sooner or later, to
46、 socialism and communism and it is necessary to build socialism and, later, communism to make future economic growth possible. This principle is valid for all countries without any exception. They all have to proceed along the same path although they may be placed at different points of it at presen
47、t. Such is the logic of history.This theory, which is usually referred to as “historical materialism“, “the materialistic conception of history“, or “Marxs historical determinism“, is believed by Marxists to be useful not only as the explanation of the past and the present but also as the basis for
48、the prediction of the future course of history. As the final judgment on any prophecy has to be made in the light of the subsequent events, it is interesting to compare the developments since the theory was presented by Marx with the pattern which could have been expected on the basis of Marxs prediction. The purpose of this paper is to outline briefly such a comparison and to discuss the commu
