1、职称英语综合类 B级分类模拟 3及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、概括大意与完成句子(总题数：7，分数：100.00)Global WarmingSmoke is clouding our view of global warming, protecting the planet from perhaps three quarters of the greenhouse (温室) effect. That might sound like good news, but experts say that as the cover diminishes in coming
2、decades, we are facing a dramatic increase of warming that could be two or even three times as great as official best guesses. This was the dramatic conclusion reached last week at a workshop in Dahlem, Berlin, where top atmospheric scientists got together, including Nobel Prize winner Paul Crutzen
3、and Swedish scientist Bert Bolin, former chairman of the UN“s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). IPCC scientists have suspected for a decade that aerosols (乳质) of smoke and other particles from burning rainforest, crop waste and fossil fuels are blocking sunlight and counteracting the
4、 warming effect of carbon dioxide (二氧化物) emissions. Until now, they reckoned that aerosols reduced greenhouse warming by perhaps a quarter, cutting increases by 0.2. So the 0.6 of warming over the past century would have been 0.8 without aerosols. But the Berlin workshop concluded that the real figu
5、re is even higheraerosols may have reduced global warming by as much as three quarters, cutting increases by 1.8. If so, the good news is that aerosols have prevented the world getting almost two degrees warmer than it is now. But the bad news is that the climate system is much more sensitive to gre
6、enhouse gases than previously guessed. As those gases are expected to continue accumulating in the atmosphere while aerosols stabilize or fall, that means “dramatic consequences for estimates of future climate change“, the scientists agreed in a draft report from the workshop.（分数：12.00）(1).Paragraph
7、 2 1. A. Atmospheric Scientists B. The Calculations Made at the Berlin Workshop C. The Previous Calculations of the Effect of Aerosols D. The Scientists“ Agreement E. The Authoritative Conclusion F. Greenhouse Gases（分数：1.50）(2).Paragraph 3 1.（分数：1.50）(3).Paragraph 4 1.（分数：1.50）(4).Paragraph 5 1.（分数：
8、1.50）(5).When the cover diminishes in the coming decades, temperature 1. A. will influence future climate change B. was somewhat surprising C. will rise rapidly D. was known to US all E. was much higher than had been expected（分数：1.50）(6).The conclusion reached at the Berlin workshop 1.（分数：1.50）(7).T
9、he Berlin workshop concluded that the real figure 1.（分数：1.50）(8).The increase of greenhouse gases 1.（分数：1.50）Things to Know about the UKFrom Buckingham Palace to Oxford, the UK is loaded with wonderful icons (标志) of past eras. But it has also modernized with confidence. It“s now better known for vib
10、rant (充满活力的) cities with great nightlife and attraction. Fashions, fine dining, clubbing, shoppingthe UK is among the world“s best. Most people have strong preconceptions about the British. But if you“re one of these people, you“d be wise to abandon those ideas. Visit a nightclub in one of the big c
11、ities, a football match, or a good local pub and you might more readily describe the English people as humorous and hospitable. It“s certainly true that no other country in the world has more bird-watchers, sports supporters, pet owners and gardeners than the UK. Getting around England is pretty eas
12、y. Budget (廉价的) airlines like Easyjet and Rynnair fly domestically. Trains can deliver you very efficiently from one major city to another. Long distance express buses are called coaches. While coaches and buses run on the same route, coaches are more expensive (though quicker) than buses. London“s
13、famous black cabs are excellent but expensive. Minicabs are cheaper competitors, with freelance (个体的) drivers. But usually you need to give a call first. London“s underground is called the Tube. It“s very convenient and can get you to almost any part of the city. The UK is not famous for its food. B
14、ut you still need to know some of the traditional English foods. The most famous must be fish and chips. The fish and chips are deep fried in flour. English breakfast is something you need to try. It is fried bacon, sausages, fried eggs, black pudding, fried tomatoes, fried bread and baked beans, wi
15、th toast and a pot of tea. Other things like shepherd“s pie and Yorkshire pudding are also well-known as a part of English food culture. Pubbing and clubbing are the main forms of English nightlife, especially for the young. Pubbing means going to a pub with friends, having drinks, and chatting. Clu
16、bbing is different from pubbing and includes going to a pub, or a place of music, or a bar, or any other places to gather with friends. Clubbing can be found everywhere. Usually there is some kind of dress code for clubbing, such as no jeans, no sportswear, or smart clubwear, while pubbing is much m
17、ore casual.（分数：12.00）(1).Paragraph 2 1. AEducation BPeople CTransport DDrinks EFood FNightlife（分数：1.50）(2).Paragraph 3 1.（分数：1.50）(3).Paragraph 4 1.（分数：1.50）(4).Paragraph 5 1.（分数：1.50）(5).The UK is a country that is 1. Afaster but more expensive than buses Bboth ancient and modern Chumorous and hosp
18、itable Dcheap and efficient Etraditional and famous Fclever and hardworking（分数：1.50）(6).The British people are 1.（分数：1.50）(7).Coaches in the UK are 1.（分数：1.50）(8).Fish and chips are 1.（分数：1.50）Communication PrinciplesHow you see yourself can make a great difference in how you communicate. “Every ind
19、ividual exists in a continually changing world of experience of which he (or she) is the center.“ Many communication scholars and social scientists believe that people are products of how others treat them and of the messages others send them. But every day we experience the centrality of our selves
20、 in communication. A student, for instance, may describe a conflict with a teacher as unfair treatment: “I know my teacher doesn“t like the fact that I don“t agree with his opinions, and that“s why he gave me such a poor grade in that class.“ The teacher might say the opposite. Each person may belie
21、ve that he is correct and that the other person“s view is wrong. The concept of self originates in communication. Through verbal and nonverbal symbols, a child learns to accept roles in response to the expectations of others. You establish self-image, the sort of person you believe you are, by how o
22、thers think of you. Positive, negative, and neutral messages that you receive from others all play a role in determining who you are. Communication itself is probably best understood as a dialogue process. Our understanding of communication comes from our interactions with other people. In a more ob
23、vious way, communication involves others in the sense that a competent communicator considers what the other person needs and expects when selecting messages to share. So, the communication begins with the self, as defined largely by others, and involves others, as defined largely by the self. Commu
24、nication occurs almost every minute of your life. If you are not communicating with yourself (thinking, planning, reacting to the world around you), you are observing others and drawing inferences from their behaviour. Even if the other person did not intend a message for you, you gather observation
25、s and draw specific conclusions. A person yawns and you believe that person is bored with your message. A second person looks away from you and you conclude that person is not listening to you. A third person smiles (perhaps because of a memory of a joke he heard recently) and you believe that he is
26、 attracted to you. We are continually picking up meanings from others“ behaviors and we are constantly providing behaviors that have communicative value for them. More often than not, you may have hurt someone accidentally and you may have tried to explain that you did not mean that. You may have to
27、ld the other person that you were sorry for your statement. You may have made a joke out of your rude statement. Nonetheless, your comment remains both in the mind of the other person and in your own mind. You cannot go back in time and erase your messages to others. When you tried to re-create the
28、atmosphere, the conversation, and the setting, nothing seemed right. Your second experience with a similar setting and person made far different results. Anyway, communication cannot be reversed (倒退), nor can it be repeated.（分数：12.00）(1).Paragraph 1 1. A. Centralism B. Communication involves both se
29、lf and others C. You can“t repeat one conversation D. Your view of yourself decides your way of communication E. How to apologize to others F. Communication occurs everywhere（分数：1.50）(2).Paragraph 2 1.（分数：1.50）(3).Paragraph 3 1.（分数：1.50）(4).Paragraph 4 1.（分数：1.50）(5).Many social scientists believe t
30、hat 1. A. the interaction between people B. people are easily influenced by others“ opinions C. establishment of the self-image D. he or she hasn“t paid any attention to your words E. apologize to them F. reverse your conversation with them（分数：1.50）(6).It is probable that communication is understood
31、 as 1.（分数：1.50）(7).If a person looks away from you, you might think that 1.（分数：1.50）(8).If you have hurt someone by accident, you can“t 1.（分数：1.50）Three Kinds of LonelinessMost people feel lonely sometimes, but it usually only lasts between a few minutes and a few hours. This kind of loneliness is n
32、ot serious. In fact, it is quite normal. For some people, though, loneliness can last for years. Now researchers say there are three different types of loneliness. The first kind of loneliness is temporary (暂时的). This is the most common type. It usually disappears quickly and does not require any sp
33、ecial attention. The second kind, situational loneliness, is a natural result of a particular situationfor example, family problem, the death of a loved one, or moving to a new place. Although this kind of loneliness can cause physical problems, such as headaches and sleeplessness, it usually does n
34、ot last for more than a year. The third kind of loneliness is the most severe. Unlike the second type, chronic (长 期的) loneliness usually lasts more than two years and has no specific cause. People who experience habitual loneliness have problems socializing and becoming close to others. Unfortunatel
35、y, many chronically lonely people think there is little or nothing they can do to improve their condition. Psychologists agree that one important factor in loneliness is a person“s social contacts, e.g. friends, family members, co-workers, etc. We depend on various people for different reasons. For
36、instance, our families give us emotional support, our parents and teachers give us guidance, and our friends share similar interests and activities. However, psychologists have found that, though lonely people may have many social contacts, they sometimes feel they should have more. They question th
37、eir popularity. Psychologists are trying to find ways to help habitually lonely people for two reasons. First of all, they are unhappy and unable to socialize with others like normal people. Besides, most importantly, there is a connection between chronic loneliness and serious illness such as heart
38、 disease. While temporary and situational loneliness can be normal, healthy part of life, chronic loneliness can be a sad, and sometimes dangerous condition.（分数：16.00）(1).Paragraph 2 1. A. Two kinds of loneliness B. Two reasons for assisting people with chronic loneliness C. Temporary loneliness D.
39、Psychologists“ agreement E. Habitual loneliness F. One reason for lonelinesssocialization（分数：2.00）(2).Paragraph 3 1.（分数：2.00）(3).Paragraph 4 1.（分数：2.00）(4).Paragraph 5 1.（分数：2.00）(5).Family problems can lead to 1. A. improve their ability of socializing with other people B. temporary loneliness C. s
40、ituational loneliness D. go out with people E. this kind of loneliness can lead to serious illness F. we have common interests（分数：2.00）(6).People with chronic loneliness think they can do nothing to 1.（分数：2.00）(7).We rely on our friends to a great extent because 1.（分数：2.00）(8).The most important rea
41、son for psychologists to help habitually lonely people is that 1.（分数：2.00）Customer “Delight“In the more and more competitive service industry, it is no longer enough to promise customer satisfaction. Today, customer “delight“ is what companies are trying to achieve in order to keep and increase mark
42、et share. It is accepted in the marketing industry, and confirmed by a number of researchers, that customers receiving good service will promote business. According to a commercial research, people who get good service will tell up to 12 other people, while those treated badly tell tales of woe to u
43、p to 20 people. Interestingly, 80 percent of people who feel their complaints are handled fairly will stay loyal. New challenges for customer care have come when people can obtain goods and services through telephone call centers and the Internet. For example, many companies now have to invest (投资)
44、a lot of money in information technology and staff training in order to cope with the “phone rage“caused by delays in answering calls, being cut off in mid-conversation or left waiting for long periods. “Many people do not like talking to machines,“ says Dr. Storey, Senior Lecturer in Marketing at B
45、usiness School of City University School. “Banks, for example, encourage staff at call centers to use customer data to establish instant and good relationship with them. The aim is to make the customer feel they know you and that you can trust themthe sort of comfortable feelings people have during
46、face-to-face chats with their local branch manager.“ Recommended ways of creating customer delight include, under-promising and over-delivering (saying that a repair will be carried out within five hours, but getting it done within two); replacing a faulty product immediately; throwing in a gift vou
47、cher (购物礼券) as an unexpected “thank you“ to regular customers; and always returning calls, even when there are complaints. Aiming for customer delight is all very well, but if services do not reach the high level promised, disappointment or worse will be the result. This can be eased by offering an
48、apology and an explanation of why the service did not meet usual standards with empathy (for example, “I know how you must feel.“), and possible solutions (replacement, compensation or whatever fairness suggests best meets the case). For example, airlines face some of the toughest challenges over cu
49、stomer care. There is great potential for customer anger over delays caused by weather, unclaimed luggage and technical problems. For British Airways staff, a winning telephone style is considered vital in handling the large volume of calls about bookings and flight times. They are trained to answer quickly, with their names, job title and a “we are here to help“ attitude. Customer care is obviously here to stay and it would be a foolish company that used slogans such as “we do as we please.“ On the other hand, the more customers are promised, the greater the risk of disa
