1、职称英语综合类 B级-75 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、第 1部分：词汇选项(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.The project required ten years of diligent research.（分数：1.00）A.scientificB.basicC.socialD.hardworking2.Relief workers were shocked by what they saw.（分数：1.00）A.movedB.touchedC.surprisedD.worried3.The towers of a suspension bridge
2、 serve as a rigid framework to which the cables are attached.（分数：1.00）A.boundaryB.skeletonC.enclosureD.material4.We could see that he was trying to smooth over his own responsibility for the delay, instead of accepting his fault.（分数：1.00）A.run overB.put rightC.pass offD.turn down5.I have to go at on
3、ce .（分数：1.00）A.soonB.immediatelyC.nowD.early6.I wasn“t qualified for the job really, but I got it anyhow .（分数：1.00）A.besidesB.anywayC.wellD.anymore7.Her life is becoming more diverse .（分数：1.00）A.generousB.humorousC.variedD.romantic8.Although it is not our normal practice to give credit, this time I
4、think we should consider the matter more closely.（分数：1.00）A.stateB.intentionC.occasionD.convention9.What you have done is contrary to the doctor“s orders.（分数：1.00）A.attached toB.resistant toC.responsible toD.opposite to10.Maria deliberately missed the first train so as to travel on the same one as J
5、ohn.（分数：1.00）A.intentionallyB.intensivelyC.decisivelyD.objectively11.With immense relief, I stopped running.（分数：1.00）A.someB.enormousC.littleD.extensive12.The scientists began to accumulate data.（分数：1.00）A.collectB.handleC.analyzeD.investigate13.Jack eventually overtook the last truck.（分数：1.00）A.hit
6、B.passedC.reachedD.led14.Her speciality is heart surgery.（分数：1.00）A.regionB.siteC.platformD.field15.Sometimes it is advisable to book hotels in advance.（分数：1.00）A.possibleB.profitableC.easyD.wise二、第 2部分：阅读判断(总题数：1，分数：7.00)Irish Dolphins May Have a Unique DialectIrish scientists monitoring dolphins l
7、iving in a river estuary in the southwest of the country believe they may have developed a unique dialect to communicate with each other. The Shannon Dolphin and Wildlife Foundation (SDWF) has been studying a group of up to 120 bottle-nose dolphins in the River Shannon using vocalizations collected
8、on a computer in a cow shed near the River Shannon. As part of a research project, student Ronan Hickey digitized and analyzed a total of 1,882 whistles from the Irish dolphins and those from the Welsh dolphins on a computer and separated them into six fundamental whistle types and 32 different cate
9、gories. Of the categories, he found most were used by both sets of dolphinsbut eight were only heard from the Irish dolphins. “We are building up a catalogue of the different whistle types they use and trying to associate them with behaviour like foraging, resting, socializing and the communications
10、 of groups with calves,“ project leader Simon Berrow said. “Essentially we are building up what is like a dictionary of words they use or sounds they make.“ Berrow, a marine biologist, said the dolphins, clicks are used to find their way around and locate prey. The whistles are communications. “They
11、 do a whole range of other sounds like barks, groans and a kind of gunshot,“ he said. “The gunshot is an intense pulse of sound. Sperm whales use it to stun their prey.“ “When I first heard it I was surprised as I thought sperm whales were the only species who used it. We can speculate the dolphins
12、are using it for the same reason as the sperm whales.“ Berrow said. References in local legend indicate there have been dolphins in the Shannon estuary for generations and they may even have been resident there as far back as the 6th century. They are regularly seen by passengers on the Shannon ferr
13、y and an estimated 25,000 tourists every year take special sightseeing tours on local boats to visit them.（分数：7.00）(1).The difference in eating habits between the bottle-nose dolphins and the sperm whales interested the SDWF scientists.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(2).Ronan Hickey analyzed
14、almost 2,000 different dialects of the bottle-nose dolphins.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(3).Of the 32 categories, eight were produced only by the Irish dolphins.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(4).Whistles could also be used to communicate between adult dolphins and baby dolphins.（分数
15、：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(5).Sperm whales can produce stronger ultrasonic waves to kill their prey than dolphins.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(6).As early as the 6th century, Irish fishermen started raising dolphins in the Shannon estuary.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(7).
16、Irish dolphins attract tourists and over 25,000 people come to see them every year.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned三、第 3部分：概括大意与完成句子(总题数：1，分数：8.00)Screen Test1. Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early enough, the disease ca
17、n often be treated successfully, published last year, 21 countries have screening programmes. Nine of them, including 2. But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial, partly because the radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given
18、 higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue is denser. 3. Researchers at the Polytechnic University of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160,000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the women“s cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the numbe
19、r of extra cancers this would cause. 4. The mathematical model recommended by Britain“s National Radiological Protection Board(NRPB) predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of
20、 Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers. 5. The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is “not very significant“ compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. The Valencia programme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 eases of b
21、reast cancer in every 100,000 women screened. 6. But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45, because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of their study, they suggest
22、, could help “optimize the technique“ for breast cancer screening. 7. “There is a tradeoff between the diagnostic benefits of breast screening and its risks,“ admits Michael Clark of the NRPB. But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. “On the basis of the current data, for ever
23、y 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. That“s why radiation exposure should be minimized in any screening programme.“ A. Harm Screening May Do to a Younger Woman B. Investing the Effect of Screening C. Effects Predicted by Two Different Models
24、D. Small Risk of Inducing Cancers from Radiation E. Treatment of Cancers F. Factors That Trigger Cancers（分数：8.00）(1).Paragragh 2 1（分数：1.00）(2).Paragragh 3 1（分数：1.00）(3).Paragragh 4 1（分数：1.00）(4).Paragragh 5 1（分数：1.00）(5).A. be costly B. harmful C. save a life D. still open to debate E. reduce the ri
25、sk of radiation triggering a cancer F. reduced to the minimum Early discovery of breast cancer may 1.（分数：1.00）(6).Advantages of screening women under 50 are 1.（分数：1.00）(7).Delaying the age at which screening starts may 1.（分数：1.00）(8).Radiation exposure should be 1.（分数：1.00）四、第 4部分：阅读理解(总题数：0，分数：0.00
26、)五、第一篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)The Decline of Formal EnglishAmericans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing : The Degradation of Language and
27、 Music and Why We Should, Like, Care , John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English. Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another critici
28、sm against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter“s academic specialty is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom,“ for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English. But the cult of the authentic and the personal
29、, “doing our own thing,“ has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in
30、 poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft. Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McW
31、horter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive there exists no language or diale
32、ct in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper. Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate
33、 speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates i
34、nstead of china.“ A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.（分数：15.00）(1).According to McWhorter, the decline of formal English _.（分数：3.00）A.is inevitable in radical education reformsB.is but all too natural in language developmentC.has caused the controversy over the counter-cultureD.brought
35、 about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s(2).The word “talking“ (Line 6, Paragraph 3) denotes _.（分数：3.00）A.modestyB.personalityC.livelinessD.informality(3).To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?（分数：3.00）A.Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way w
36、e talk.B.Black English can be more expressive than standard English.C.Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.D.Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.(4).The description of Russians“ love of memorizing poetry shows the author“s _.（分数：3.00）A.in
37、terest in their languageB.appreciation of their effortsC.admiration for their memoryD.contempt for their old fashionedness(5).According to the last paragraph, “paper plates“ is to “china“ as _.（分数：3.00）A.“temporary“ is to “permanent“B.“radical“ is to “conservative“C.“functional“ is to “artistic“D.“h
38、umble“ is to “noble“六、第二篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)When Fear Takes Control of the MindA panic attack is a sudden feeling of terror. Usually it does not last long, but it may feel like forever. The cause can be something as normally uneventful as driving over a bridge or flying in an airplane. And it can happe
39、n even if the person has driven over many bridges or flown many times before. A fast heartbeat, sweaty hands, difficulty breathing, a lightheaded feeling. At first a person may have no idea what is wrong. But these can all be signs of what is known as panic disorder. The first appearance usually is
40、between the ages of 18 and 25. In some cases it develops after a tragedy, like the death of a loved one, or some other difficult situation. In the United States, the National Institute of Mental Health says more than two million people are affected in any one-year period. The American Psychological
41、Association says panic disorder is two times more likely in women than men. And it can last anywhere from a few months to a lifetime. Panic attacks can be dangerousfor example, if a person is driving at the time. The Chesapeake Bay Bridge in the state of Maryland is so long and so high over the wate
42、r, it is famous for scaring motorists. There is even a driver assistance program to help people get across. Some people who suffer a panic attack develop a phobia, a deep fear of ever repeating the activity that brought on the attack. But experts say panic disorder can be treated. Doctors might sugg
43、est anti-anxiety or an tidepressant medicines. Talking to a counselor could help a person learn to deal with or avoid a panic attack. There are breathing methods, for example, that might help a person calm down. Panic disorder is included among what mental health professionals call anxiety disorders
44、. A study published last week reported a link between anxiety disorders and several physical diseases. It says these include thyroid disease, lung and stomach problems, arthritis, migraine headaches and allergic conditions. Researchers at the University of Manitoba in Canada say that in most cases t
45、he physical condition followed the anxiety disorder. But, they say, exactly how the two are connected remains unknown. The report in the Archives of Internal Medicine came from a German health study of more than 4,000 adults.（分数：15.00）(1).All of the following may be symptoms of panic disorder EXCEPF
46、 _.（分数：3.00）A.sweaty handsB.difficulty breathingC.lightheaded feelingD.low blood pressure(2).How many Americans are likely to suffer panic disorder every year according to NIMH?（分数：3.00）A.1,800,000.B.2,500,000C.Above 2,000,000.D.Under 2,000,000.(3).The probability for American females to be affected
47、 by panic disorder is _ that for American males.（分数：3.00）A.two times as much asB.three times as much asC.three times more thanD.one time more than(4).Which of the following spots is most likely to cause drivers to suffer panic disorder according to the passage author?（分数：3.00）A.The Golden Gate Bridg
48、e in San Francisco.B.The Chesapeake Bay Bridge in Maryland.C.The Empire State Building in New York.D.The Niagara Falls in North America.(5).According to a study, all of the following diseases may be associated with anxiety disorder EXCEPT _.（分数：3.00）A.cancer diseasesB.allergic conditionsC.thyroid pr
49、oblemsD.lung and stomach troubles七、第三篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)College Night Owls Have Lower GradesCollege students who are morning people tend to get better grades than those who are night owls (晚睡的人), according to University of North Texas researchers. They had 824 undergraduate students complete a health survey that included questions about sleep habits and daytime functioning, and found that students who are morning people had higher grade point averages(GPAs) than those who are night people. “The finding that college students who are evening types have lower GP
