1、职称英语综合类 B 级-20 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、B第 1 部分：词汇选项/B(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.If we terminate our relations with that country, well have to find another supplier of raw materials.（分数：1.00）A.diffuseB.diminishC.endD.preclude2.We can divide reading skills into two: the eyes track across the page, and th
2、e mind takes in what the eyes see.（分数：1.00）A.holdsB.receivesC.followsD.absorbs3.We cannot always count on the wind, so new windmills should be so designed that they can also be driven by water.（分数：1.00）A.hang onB.depend onC.hold onD.come on4.Our teacher notified us that there would be test on Monday
3、.（分数：1.00）A.advisedB.assuredC.informedD.disclosed5.A well-written composition need good choice of words and clear organization among other things.（分数：1.00）A.calls onB.calls forC.calls upD.calls off6.Once upon a time they used to mine coals in these valleys.（分数：1.00）A.At a timeB.At one timeC.At times
4、D.At the time7.The tree fell on the roof of a car and crushed it.（分数：1.00）A.explodedB.smashedC.fetchedD.touched8.The primary reason why the Constitution requires a census every ten years is to provide a basis for the apportionment (分配，分摊) of representative among the states.（分数：1.00）A.offendB.present
5、C.consumeD.supply9.He paused for a moment, then continued speaking.（分数：1.00）A.satB.stoodC.shookD.stopped10.Jim reckoned that we were only a few miles from our destination when our car broke down.（分数：1.00）A.estimatedB.figuredC.realizedD.assessed11.The store had to fire a number of clerks because sale
6、s were down.（分数：1.00）A.lay outB.lay offC.lay asideD.lay down12.The mother counselled her daughter on how to behave at the ball.（分数：1.00）A.conferredB.advisedC.reprovedD.congratulated13.Lets arrange the provisional meeting for next Wednesday, even though we may have to change it.（分数：1.00）A.tentativeB.
7、practicalC.localD.commercial14.Although he was under no obligation the shopkeeper replaced the defective battery free of charge.（分数：1.00）A.guaranteeB.dutyC.powerD.authority15.The director was critical of the way we were doing the work.（分数：1.00）A.satisfied atB.particular aboutC.puzzled withD.surprise
8、d at二、B第 2 部分：阅读判断/B(总题数：1，分数：7.00)阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出 7 个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断。BHierarchy/BCulture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs, beliefs, and ways of life of a given group of human beings. In this sense every group has a culture however savage, undeveloped, or uncivilized it may seem t
9、o us.To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages.People once thought of the languages of backward groups as savage, undeveloped forms of speech, consisting larg
10、ely of grunts (呼噜声) and groans (呻吟). While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of “backward“ languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe
11、standards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas. They fall behind our Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect th
12、e objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this department, however, two things are to be noted: (1) All languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion, either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them
13、to their own system. (2)The objects and activities requiring names and distinctions in “backward“ languages; while different form ours, are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. A Western language distinguishes merely between two degrees of remoteness (“this“ and “that“); some languages of th
14、e American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker, or to the person addressed, or removed from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future.This study of language, in turn, casts a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all cultures are to be viewed indepen
15、dently, and without ideas of rank or hierarchy.（分数：7.00）(1).There is no hierarichy among cultures.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned(2).People think the languages of backward groups are lacking Complexity.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned(3).Professional linguists thin
16、k that the idea of hierarchy works when languages are in issue.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned(4).The machinery for vocabulary expansion mentioned in this passage includes putting together words already in existence.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned(5).Coining leads
17、 to the vocabulary expansion.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned(6).Languages, whether civilized or not, have the potential for vocabulary expansion.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned(7).Some traditions are superiority of others.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not me
18、ntioned三、B第 3 部分：概括大意与完成句子(总题数：8，分数：8.00)16.Paragraph 2 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_17.Paragraph 3 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_18.Paragraph 4 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_19.Paragraph 5 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_20.A theorist pursues science mainly for 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_21.It is generally thought that a theorist in science is an individu
19、al who 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_22.Non-theorists in science do their research 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_23.Theorists contribute to 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_四、B第 4 部分：阅读理解/B(总题数：1，分数：15.00)下面有 3 篇短文，每篇短文后有 5 道题，每题后面有 4 个选项。请仔细阅读短文，并根据短文回答其后面的问题，从 4 个选项中选择 1 个最佳答案。B第一篇/BBWomens fashion/BIf women are mercilessly exploited y
20、ear after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of th
21、e change of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each y
22、ear to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened, neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.No one can claim that the fashion industry contribu
23、tes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comport and durability. They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right.
24、 There can hardly be a man who hasnt at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. D
25、o the constantly changing fashions of womens clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you t
26、o decide.（分数：15.00）(1).What can we infer from the sentence “Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores.“?（分数：3.00）A.Women are too changeable and instable.B.Women are naive as t
27、o be cheated by others.C.Women are inclined to follow the latest fashion.D.Women are cold because they wear thin dresses in winter.(2).fashion designers are rarely interested in all the following EXCEPT _.（分数：3.00）A.comfortB.practicalityC.appearanceD.warmth(3).What does “they“ in Para. 3, Line 5 ref
28、er to?（分数：3.00）A.Fashion designers.B.Women.C.Clothes.D.Fashions.(4).According to the author, the constantly changing fashions of womens clothes reflect that women lack _.（分数：3.00）A.unreliabilityB.stabilityC.honestyD.trust(5).Which of the following statements is NOT true, according to the passage?（分数
29、：3.00）A.Women spend hours altering their dresses in order to save money.B.Women can only have themselves to blame for being cheated by-fashion designers.C.Compared with women, men are too clever to be cheated by fashion designers.D.Women can bear any discomfort to be in fashion and beautiful.五、B第二篇/
30、B(总题数：1，分数：15.00)BReligious belief and health/BReligious beliefs are not always a source of comfort during iii health: they may actually increase your risk of dying.A study of nearly 600 older hospital patients, 95 percent of whom were Christian, showed negative feelings evoked by religious beliefs
31、sometimes predicted mortality.Key factors that increased the risk of death were feelings of being “abandoned or punished“ by God, “believing the devil caused the illness“, or “feeling abandoned by ones faith community“, the study by researchers at Duke University Medical Centre and Bowling Green Sta
32、te University showed.“The study reminds us that religion. can, at times, be a source of problems in it self, “says lead author Kenneth Pargament.Several studies have demonstrated a reduced risk of death among those who attend church regularly, but the new research, published in todays Archives of In
33、ternal Medicine, is the first to examine negative aspects of religiousness.Patients who reported feeling alienated from God or who blamed the devil had a 19 to 28 percent increased risk of dying during the following two years, say the researchers, who found no association between gender, race, diagn
34、osis, brain function, independence, depression, or quality of life with mortality.Duke Universitys Dr Harold Koenig said anger and frustration were normal grief responses when people discovered health problems. Those who were religious and were able to reconnect with God and their spiritual feeling
35、could use those resources for support. But those who continued to experience conflict could be making their health worse.“Those people are in trouble and doctors need to know about it,“ he said. “Doctors need to be assessing their patients for these kinds of feelings.“ Referral to clergy may then be
36、 helpful.He said more than two-thirds of medical schools in the United States had courses that trained students on how to take a patients spiritual history, a trend that recognized the growing body of evidence about the mind-body connection.（分数：15.00）(1).Which of the following ideas about religious
37、belief is expressed by the speaker?（分数：3.00）A.95 percent of older hospital patients were Christian.B.Religious beliefs predict mortality and increase the risk of death.C.Religious beliefs are not always a source of comfort.D.Some people die of religious beliefs.(2).Which of the following factors for
38、 increasing the risk of death is not mentioned in the passage?（分数：3.00）A.The patient feels punished by God.B.The patient blames the devil for this illness.C.The patient feels isolated from his faith community.D.The patient knows the truth of his illness.(3).Which of the following people with religio
39、us beliefs will most probably recover from health problem?（分数：3.00）A.Those who give up their religious beliefs.B.Those who blame the devil bravely.C.Those who could communicate with God.D.Those who go to church regularly.(4).What is the authors attitude toward the new research?（分数：3.00）A.Positive.B.
40、Negative.C.Neutral.D.Indifferent.(5).Which of the following statements about the new research is NOT ture?（分数：3.00）A.It is the first to examine negative aspects of religiousness.B.It shows that religion is sometimes a source of problems.C.It suggests that doctors should take the patients spiritual h
41、istory into account.D.It proves that religious belief is the greatest factor influencing patients mortality.六、B第三篇/B(总题数：1，分数：15.00)BDevelopment of chemistry/BChemistry did not emerge as a science until after the scientific revolution in the seventeenth century and then only rather slowly and labori
42、ously. But chemical knowledge is as old as history, being almost entirely concerned with the practical arts of living. Cooking is essentially a chemical process; so is the melting of metals and the administration of drugs. This basic chemical knowledge, which was applied in most cases as a rule of t
43、humb (单凭经验来做的方法), was nevertheless dependent on previous experiment. It also served to stimulate a fundamental curiosity about the processes themselves. New in formation was always being gained as artisans improved techniques to gain better results.The development of a scientific approach to chemist
44、ry was, however, hampered by several factors. The most serious problem was the vast range of material available and the consequent difficulty of organizing it into some system. In addition, there were social and intellectual difficulties. Chemistry is nothing if not practical; those who practice it
45、must use their hands, they must have a certain practical flair (鉴别力). Yet in many ancient civilizations, practical tasks were primarily the province of a slave population. The thinker or philosopher stood apart from this world, where the practical arts appeared to lack any intellectual content of in
46、terest.The final problem for early chemical science was the element of secrecy. Experts in specific trades had developed their own techniques and guarded their knowledge to pre vent others from stealing their livelihood. Another factor that contributed to secrecy way the esoteric (深奥的) nature of the
47、 knowledge of alchemists (炼金术士). In one sense, the second of these was the more serious impediment (阻碍) because the records of the chemical processes that early alchemists had discovered were often written down in symbolic language understandable to very few or in symbols that were purposely obscure
48、.（分数：15.00）(1).What is the passage mainly about?（分数：3.00）A.The scientific revolution in the seventeenth century.B.Reasons that chemistry developed slowly as a science.C.The practical aspects of chemistry.D.Difficulties of organizing knowledge systematically.(2).According to the passage, how did know
49、ledge about chemical processes increase be fore the seventeenth century?（分数：3.00）A.Philosophers devised theories about chemical properties.B.A special symbolic language was developed.C.Experience led workers to revise their techniques.D.Experts shared their discoveries with the public.(3).The word “hampered“ in line 10 is closest in meaning to _.（分数
