1、职称英语卫生类 C 级-51 及答案解析(总分：96.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、第 1 部分：词汇选项(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.The study also notes a steady decline in the number of college students taking science courses.A. relative B. general C. continuous D. sharp（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.2.Enamel,the hardest substance in a human beings body,covers the entir
2、e crown of the tooth.A. whole B. inseparable C. superficial D. main（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.3.Many economists have given in to the fatal lure of mathematics.A. simplicity B. attraction C. power D. rigor（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.4.Our statistics show that we consume all that we are capable of producing.A. waste B. bu
3、yC. use D. sell（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.5.He impressed all his colleagues as a vigorous man in the prime of his career.A. hot-tempered B. healthy C. friendly D. patient（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.6.Unable to control himself, he tore the phone from his wifes hand, then from the socket, and throw it across the room.A. r
4、estrain B. refresh C. release D. relieve（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.7.People who do not sleep enough tend to become irritable.A. easily annoyed B. illC. weary D. stiff and sore（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.8.Michael is now merely a good friend.A. largely B. possiblyC. just D. rarely（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.9.He is said to be suffe
5、ring from terminal cancer and has asked for euthanasia (安乐死).A. acute B. chronic C. final D. fatal（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.10.Mr. Henley has accelerated his sale of shares over the past year.A. held B. increased C. expected D. offered（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.11.It is useless to argue with him once he has made up hi
6、s mind.A. settled B. solvedC. said D. decided（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.12.The little boy cant discriminate the right thing from the wrong one.A. judge B. assess C. distinguish D. recognize（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.13.Mary is looking for the book she lost yesterdayA. trying to find B. trying to readC. trying to buy D.
7、 trying to borrow（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.14.The dentist has decided to extract her bad tooth.A. take out B. repair C. pull D. dig（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.15.Thousands of people perished in the storm.Adied BsufferedCfloated Dscattered（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.二、第 2 部分：阅读判断(总题数：1，分数：7.00)Using HIV Virus to Cure CancerScienti
8、sts are planning to use human immunodeficiency (免疫缺陷) virus (HIV), one of mankinds most feared viruses, as a carrier of genes which can fight cancer and a range of diseases that cannot be cured. The experts say HIV has an almost perfect ability to avoid the bodys immune (免疫的) defenses, making it ide
9、al for carrying replacement genes into patients bodies, according to the Observer.A team at the California-based Salk Institute, one of the worlds leading research centers on biological sciences, has created a special new breed of HIV and has started negotiations with the US Food and Drug Administra
10、tion (FDA) to begin clinical gene therapy (治疗) trials this year. The first trials are expected to involve patients suffering from cancers that cannot be cured by surgery although project leader Professor Inder Verma said the HIV technique would have “far wider applications“.The plan remains very lik
11、ely to cause controversy since it involves making use of a virus which has caused more than 22 million deaths around the world in the past two decades. Verma said that the idea of using HIV for a beneficial purpose was “shocking“ but the fierce nature of HIV had disappeared by having all six of the
12、potentially deadly genes removed.Illnesses such as various cancers are caused when a gene in a patients body fails to work properly. In the past two years, breakthroughs in genetics (遗传学) have led gene therapy scientists to try and replace the genes that do not function normally.Unfortunately, the b
13、odys immune defenses have been known to attack the modified genes and make them lose their effects before they can start their task and progress in the field has been held up by the lack of a suitable carrier.The HIV virus has the ability to escape from, and then destroy, the immune defense ceils de
14、signed to protect our bodies and this makes it attractive to scientists as a way of secretly conveying replacement genes into patients bodies.（分数：7.00）(1).FDA has approved the plan of using HIV to cure cancer in humans.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：1.00）A.B.C.(2).The idea of using HIV for a
15、beneficial purpose has been widely accepted.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：1.00）A.B.C.(3).HIV can be safely used to cure cancer only il the deadly genes have been removed.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：1.00）A.B.C.(4).The HIV virus is an excellent warrior to fight the bodys immune cells
16、.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：1.00）A.B.C.(5).Other countries are also expected to begin clinical gene therapy trials soon.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：1.00）A.B.C.(6).It is the lack of money that has held up the progress in using replacement genes to cure cancer.A. Right B. Wrong C.
17、 Not mentioned（分数：1.00）A.B.C.(7).The HIV virus has caused more deaths in developed countries.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：1.00）A.B.C.三、第 3 部分：概括大意与完成句子(总题数：1，分数：8.00)1. More efforts are being made toward environmentally safe work places. An environmental policy research organization has don
18、e that in Washington, D.C. The World Resources Institute re-designed its office to make it safer for people and the environment. This newly-designed office is called a “green“ office.2. The newly designed office was made with environmentally safe building materials instead of building products that
19、are harmful to the environment. For example, the floor of the office is made of bark(树皮)from a cork tree. The bark of a cork tree will renew itself so the tree does not die. The cork floor also feels good to stand on.3. The floor in another part of the office is made of bamboo(竹子). Bamboo is a fast-
20、growing grass that quickly replaces itself. Other areas of the floor are covered with carpeting. However, unlike many offices, the carpet was made without harmful chemicals.4. Storage areas in the office are made from the crushed shells of sunflower seeds. The office doors are made from pressed whea
21、t straw. Wheat straw is an agriculture waste product that would normally be burned. That process adds chemicals to the atmosphere.5. World Resources Institute officials also chose lighting and other electrical equipment that use less energy. And, they improved their communication systems. New video
22、communication equipment lets workers see and talk to people in other cities. The new equipment was added to reduce the amount of travel by office workers. That reduces the amount of harmful gases that are released into the atmosphere by cars or planes.6. The organizations officials also announced a
23、plan that would reduce harmful carbon dioxide gases from their office by the year 2005.7. World Resources Institute officials say the cost of building a “green“ office is similar to that of a traditional office. They say building more “green“ offices could lead to a healthier environment. They say a
24、 healthy environment and a strong economy can exist together. The organization says it is creating a work environment that is better for people.（分数：8.00）(1).Para 1 _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).Para 2 _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).Para 6 _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).Para 7 _.A. A plan to reduce harmful gases from officesB
25、. A “green“ office safer for peopleC. The decoration of the green officeD. The materials of the green officeE. More things to do for a better work environmentF. The cost of the green office（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(5).The floor of the office is made of bark from（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(6).The floor in another office
26、 is made of _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(7).Storage areas are made of crushed shells of _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(8).The doors are made from pressed _.A. wheat straw.B. bambooC. barkD. cork treeE. sunflower seed:F. grass（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_四、第 4 部分：阅读理解(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、第一篇(总题数：2，分数：16.00)Late-night DrinkingCoffee lovers
27、 beware. Having a quick “pick-me-up“ cup of coffee1 late in the day will play havoc with your sleep. As well as being a stimulant, caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin, the brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime. Level
28、s then peak between 2 a.m. and 4 a. m. , before falling again. “Its the neurohormone that controls our sleep and tells our body when to sleep and when to wake,“ says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center at Stanford University in California. But researchers in Israel have
29、 found that caffeinated coffee halves the bodys levels of this sleep hormone.Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical Center in Tel Aviv University found that six volunteers slept less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of decal. On average, subjects slept
30、336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated coffee, compared with 415 minutes after decal. They also took half an hour to drop off-twice as long as usual-and jigged around in bed twice as much.In the second phase of the experiment, the researchers wolfe the volunteers every three hours and aske
31、d them to give a urine sample. Shilo measured concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin. The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decal drinkers. In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medicinc, the researchers suggest that caffeine blo
32、cks production of the enzyme that drives melatonin production.Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body, Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decal after lunch.（分数：1.00）(1).The author mentions “pick-me-up“ to indicate that_.A. melatonin levels need to be raisedB. n
33、eurohormone can wake us upC. coffee is a stimulantD. decal is a caffeinated coffee（分数：0.20）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following tells us how caffeine affects sleep?_A. Caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that stops melatonin production.B. Caffeine interrupts the flow of the hormone that prevents
34、people from sleeping.C. Caffeine halves the bodys levels of sleep hormone.D. Caffeine stays in the body for many hours.（分数：0.20）A.B.C.D.(3).What does paragraph 3 mainly discuss?A. Different effects of caffeinated coffee and decaf on sleep.B. Different findings of Lotan Shilo and a team about caffein
35、e.C. The fact that the subjects slept 415 minutes per night after drinking decaf.D. The evidence that the subjects took half an hour to fall asleep.（分数：0.20）A.B.C.D.(4).What does the experiment mentioned in paragraph 4 prove?_A. There are more enzymes in decaf drinkers urine sample.B. There are more
36、 melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers urine sample.C. Decaf drinkers produce less melatonin.D. Caffeine drinkers produce less sleep hormone.（分数：0.20）A.B.C.D.(5).The author of this passage probably agrees that_.A. coffee lovers sleep less than those who do not drink coffeeB. we should not dr
37、ink coffee after supperC. people sleep more soundly at midnight than at 3 a. m.D. if we feel sleepy at night, we should go to bed immediately（分数：0.20）A.B.C.D.16.She was _ the people who worked there.A. criticized byB. disliked byC. popular withD. kept away from（分数：15.00）A.B.C.D.六、第二篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)
38、Medical EducationIn 18th. century colonial America, those who wanted to become physicians either learned as personal students from established professionals or went abroad to study in the traditional schools of London, Parisand Edinburgh. Medicine was first taught formally by specialists at the Univ
39、ersity of Pennsylvania, beginning in 1765, and in 1767 at Kings College(now Columbia University), the first institution in the colonies to give the degree of doctor of medicine. Following the American Revolution, the Columbia medical faculty(formerly of Kings College) was combined with the College o
40、f Physicians and Surgeons, chartered in 1809, which survives as a division of Columbia University. In 1893 the Johns Hopkins Medical School required all applicants to have a college degree and was the first to afford its students the opportunity to further their training in an attached teaching hosp
41、ital. The growth of medical schools attached with established institutions of learning went together with the development of proprietary(私营的)schools of medicine run for personal profit. most of which had low standards and poor facilities In 1910 Abraham Flexner. the American education reformer, wrot
42、e Medical Education in the United States and Canada, exposing the poor conditions of most proprietary schools Subsequently the American Medical Association(AMA)and the Association of American Medical Colleges(AAMC)laid down standards for course content, qualifications of teachers, laboratory facilit
43、ies, connection with teaching hospitals, and licensing of medical practitioners(开业医师)that survive to this day. By the late 1980s the US and Canada had 142 4. year medical colleges recognized by the Liaison(联络) Committee on Medical Education to offer che M. D. degree；during the 1987-88 academic year,
44、47,262 men and 25,686 women entered these colleges and an estimated 11, 752 men and 5, 958 women were graduated. Graduates, after a year of internship(实习期), receive licenses to practice if they pass an examination given either by a state board or by the National Board of Medical Examiners（分数：15.00）(
45、1).In 18th-century America. higher institutions of learning that taught medicineA. did not exist. B. were few in number. C. were better than those in Europe. D. were known for their teaching hospitals.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Initially most proprietary schools of medicine in AmericaA. had established pr
46、ofessionals. B. had good facilities. C. had high standards. D. were in poor conditions.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The AMA and AAMC. established standards SO as t0A. recruit more studentsB. set up more schools of medicineC. ensure the quality of medical teaching and practice. D. prevent medical schools fro
47、m making huge profits.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.(4).After a year of internship medical graduates can start to practiceA. if they have worked in a laboratory. B. if they have studied abroad for some timeC. if they have obtained an M.D degree. D. if they have passed an examination（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.(5).This pass
48、age is mainly aboutA. how medicine is taught in America. B. how medical education has developed in AmericaC. how the American educational system works. D. how one can become a good doctor.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.七、第三篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)No one knows exactly how many disabled people there are in the world, but
49、estimates suggest the figure is over 450 million. The number of disabled people in India alone is probably more than double the total population of Canada.In the United Kingdom, about one in ten people have some disability. Disability is not just something that happens to other people: as get older, many of us will become less mobile, hard of hearing or have failing eyesight.Di
