1、职称英语卫生类 B级分类模拟 3及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、概括大意与完成句子(总题数：7，分数：100.00)CancerCancer is a group of many related diseases that begin in cells, the body“s basic building blocks. The body is made up of many types of ceils. Normally cells grow and divide to produce more ceils as they are needed to keep t
2、he body healthy. Sometimes, this orderly process goes wrong. New cells form when the body does not need them, and old ceils do not die when they should. The extra cells form a mass of tissue called a growth or tumor. Benign (良性的) tumors are not cancer. They can often be removed and, in most cases, t
3、hey do not come back. Malignant (恶性的) tumors are cancer. Ceils in malignant tumors are abnormal and divide without control or order. Scientists have learned that cancer is caused by changes in genes that normally control the growth and death of ceils. Certain lifestyle and environmental factors can
4、change some normal genes into genes that allow the growth of cancer. Many gene changes that lead to cancer are the result of tobacco use, diet, exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun, or exposure to carcinogens (致物) in the workplace or in the environment. Some gene alterations are inherited.
5、 Cancer treatment can include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy (化疗), hormone therapy, and biological therapy. The doctor may use one method or a combination of methods, depending on the type and location of the cancer, whether the disease has spread, the patient“s age and general health, and
6、 other factors. Because treatment for cancer can also damage healthy cells and tissues, it often causes side effects. Patients and doctors generally discuss the treatment options, weighing the likely benefits of killing cancer cells and the risks of possible side effects. Having cancer does not alwa
7、ys mean having pain. Whether a patient has pain may depend on the type of cancer, the extent of the disease, and the patient“s tolerance for pain. Most pain occurs when the cancer grows and presses against bones, organs, or nerves. Pain may also be a side effect of treatment. However, pain can gener
8、ally be relieved or reduced with prescription medicines or over-the-counter drugs recommended by the doctor.（分数：12.00）(1).Paragraph 1 1. A. Does cancer always cause pain? B. Can cancer be prevented? C. What is cancer? D. How common is cancer? E. What causes cancer? F. How is cancer treated?（分数：1.50）
9、(2).Paragraph 2 1.（分数：1.50）(3).Paragraph 3 1.（分数：1.50）(4).Paragraph 4 1.（分数：1.50）(5).Cancer occurs when cells in the body divide without 1. A. prescription medicines B. control or order C. tolerance for pain D. various factors E. normal genes F. different genes side effects（分数：1.50）(6).Gene alterati
10、ons may be caused by 1.（分数：1.50）(7).Treatment for cancer may also bring about some 1.（分数：1.50）(8).Cancer patients may differ in their 1.（分数：1.50）Intellectual DisabilityPeople with intellectual disability form one of the largest single disability groups in a community. Intellectual disability refers
11、to a general slowness to learn and function within society, and the identification of intellectual disability is usually based on an assessment of a person“s performance in a variety of tests. An individual“s level of performance, as assessed, can change with time and circumstances. With skilled tra
12、ining and opportunity for development, people with intellectual disability have much greater potential for acquiring skills and for participation in community life than previously had been thought possible. In many western societies, five categories of intellectual disability have traditionally been
13、 used in order to indicate the perceived degree of difficulty an individual has with learning. All five may occur in either children, adolescent or adult, and show as mild, moderate, severe, profound or multiple intellectual disability. For the majority of intellectual disabilities, there is no iden
14、tifiable cause but there are some causes that are well documented. They include: brain damage at birth due to lack of oxygenprolonged labor during childbirth; brain damage before birth due to factors such as rubella (风疹), drug or diet-related problems; damage after birth due to illnesses such as enc
15、ephalitis (脑膜炎) or accident; hereditary defects in the genes；abnormal chromosome count resulting in, for example, Down Syndrome (唐氏综合症). Like everyone else, people with an intellectual disability need a rewarding job, a satisfying place to live and a good social life. But they may need extra support
16、 to achieve these things. Good support services are based on the principle of normalizationwhich means enabling people to be part of the community like everyone else. With the introduction of the intellectually disabled into communities, there is a need to promote awareness of communication. Althoug
17、h many people may have little experience in talking with an intellectually disabled person, there are common guidelines that can simplify the interaction. Firstly, it is useful to remember that people with disabilities have feelings. Speaking in the same friendly manner as you would to anyone else i
18、s also recommended. Being prepared to wait a little longer for replies during a conversation with an intellectually disabled person would undoubtedly benefit the exchange.（分数：12.00）(1).Paragraph 1 1. A. What do people with an intellectual disability need? B. What is intellectual disability? C. How d
19、o people with an intellectual disability talk? D. What are the forms of intellectual disability? E. What causes intellectual disability? F. How do you talk to a person with an intellectual disability?（分数：1.50）(2).Paragraph 2 1.（分数：1.50）(3).Paragraph 3 1.（分数：1.50）(4).Paragraph 5 1.（分数：1.50）(5).The id
20、entification of intellectual disability is usually based on 1. A. assess the degree of difficulty an individual has with learning B. illnesses such as encephalitis or accident C. they also have feelings D. an assessment of a person“s performance in a variety of tests E. factors such as rubella, drug
21、 or diet-related problems F. benefit the exchange（分数：1.50）(6).Five categories of intellectual disability have traditionally been used to 1.（分数：1.50）(7).The causes for intellectual disability can be brain damages before birth due to 1.（分数：1.50）(8).In the communication with intellectually disabled peo
22、ple, it should be remembered that 1.（分数：1.50）Wash Your HandsThe World Bank, the United Nations and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine did a study to urge hand-washing around the world. They found that one million lives could be saved each year if people washed their hands with soap o
23、ften. They said that programs to increase hand-washing with soap could be among the most effective ways to reduce infectious disease. Doctors say，many diseases can be prevented from spreading by hand-washing. These include pinworms (寄生虫), influenza (流行性感冒), the common cold, hepatitis (肝 炎), meningit
24、is (脑膜炎) and infectious diarrhea (腹泻). Hand-washing destroys germs from other people, animals or objects a person has touched. When people get bacteria on their hands, they can infect themselves by touching their eyes, nose or mouth. Then these people can infect other people. The experts say the eas
25、iest way to catch a cold is to touch your nose or eyes after someone nearby has sneezed or coughed. Another way to become sick is to eat food prepared by someone whose hands were not clean. The experts say that hand-washing is especially important before and after preparing food, before eating and a
26、fter using the toilet. People should wash their hands after handling animals or animal waste, and after cleaning a baby. The experts say it is also a good idea to wash your hands after handling money and after sneezing or coughing. And it is important to wash your hands often when someone in your ho
27、me is sick. The experts say the most effective way to wash your hands is to rub them together while using soap and warm water. They say you do not have to use special antibacterial soap. Be sure to rub all areas of the hands for about ten to fifteen seconds. The rubbing action helps remove germs. Th
28、en rinse (冲洗) the hands with water and dry them.（分数：12.00）(1).Paragraph 2 1. ACatching cold without washing hands BDiseases prevented by washing-hands CThe way of getting infected DWhen to wash hands FHow to wash hands（分数：1.50）(2).Paragraph 3 1.（分数：1.50）(3).Paragraph 4 1.（分数：1.50）(4).Paragraph 5 1.（
29、分数：1.50）(5).One of the most effective ways to reduce infectious disease is 1. Ahandling money Bpreparing food Cto wash hands with soap Dto rinse them with water Eto touch your nose or eyes after someone nearby has sneezed or coughed Fto rub them together with soap and warm water（分数：1.50）(6).Accordin
30、g to experts, the easiest way to catch a cold is 1.（分数：1.50）(7).Experts say it is also a good idea to wash your hands after 1.（分数：1.50）(8).The most effective way to wash your hands is 1.（分数：1.50）Friendly Relations the People AroundYou depend on all the people closely around you to give you the warm
31、feeling of belongingness (归属) that you must have to feel secure. But, in fact, the members of all the groups to which you belong also depend on you to give that feeling to them, a person who shows that he wants everything for himself is bound (一定的) to be a lonely wolf. The need for companionship is
32、closely related to the need for a sense of belongingness. How sad and lonely your life would be if you had no one to share your feelings and experiences. You may take it for granted that there always will be people around to talk to and to do things with you and for you. The important point, however
33、, is that keeping emotionally healthy does not depend so much on having people around you as upon your ability to establish relationships that are satisfying both to you and to them. Suppose you are in a crowd watching a football game. You don“t know them. When the game is over, you will go your sep
34、arate ways. But just for a while you had a feeling of companionship, of sharing the feeling of others who were cheering for the team you wanted to win. An experience of this kind gives the clue (线索) to what companionship really is. It depends upon emotional ties of sympathy, understanding, trust, an
35、d affection. Companionships become friends when these ties are formed. When you are thrown in a new circle of acquaintance (熟人), you may not know with whom you will make friends, but you can be sure that you will be able to establish friendships if you show that you really like people.（分数：16.00）(1).
36、Paragraph 2 1. AClose link between companionship and belongingness BHow to satisfy other people“s needs CAn example of a satisfying relationship DDifficulties in establishing friendships EWhat companionship really is FMaking friends with new acquaintances（分数：2.00）(2).Paragraph 3 1.（分数：2.00）(3).Parag
37、raph 4 1.（分数：2.00）(4).Paragraph 5 1.（分数：2.00）(5).If you had no one to share your feelings，your life would be 1. Asad and lonely Bemotionally health Csympathy, understanding, trust, and affection Da sense of security Ea lonely wolf Fwithout pity（分数：2.00）(6).The warm feelings of belongingness may give
38、 you 1.（分数：2.00）(7).The ability to establish fine relations with others will keep you 1.（分数：2.00）(8).Companionship is based on the emotional ties of 1.（分数：2.00）InsomniaChinese people don“t seem to be catching much sleep. Experts say insomnia (失眠) has become the second most serious health problem aft
39、er headaches in neurological (神经病学的) diagnoses over the country, afflicting (使苦恼，折磨) most people between 30and 50. According to a study last year on adult sleep quality in six large Chinese cities, about 57 percent of respondents have had sleep disorders over the year. And many of them have insomnia
40、. Over the past four years, the number of patients treated at the insomnia clinic of the Sleep Disorders Institute at the Shanghai TCM Hospital has increased 3.5 times every year. Last year, it treated more than 18,000 people with sleeping problems, about 50 every day. People complain to their docto
41、rs that when they cannot sleep well at night，they don“t feel good during the day. And then they can“t sleep well again that night. It“s a vicious cycle that haunts (visit frequently) people with sleep disorders. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) doctors are telling people to go to bed early in autu
42、mn and winter. Most Chinese believe it is a golden rule for good health. But new research indicates uninterrupted sleep is more important than the length of time in bed. Fragmented sleep causes health problems, which could affect the quality of sleep at night. Different seasons make different times
43、appropriate for going to bed and waking up, TCM doctors say. And in both autumn and winter, it“s better to sleep early and eat certain dishes to keep healthy. They suggest people at night to fall asleep between 11 p.m. and 1 a.m. and massage (按摩) the feet before sleeping if possible. A new research
44、in US indicates sleep does not change much from age 60 onwards; and poor sleep is not because of aging, but mostly because of illnesses or medications used to treat them, says a report in the New York Times .（分数：16.00）(1).Paragraph 2 1. AUninterrupted sleep is more important BThe most serious health
45、 problems CMore and more people have sleep disorders DA vicious sleeping circle EAppropriate times for sleeping FThe aging problem（分数：2.00）(2).Paragraph 3 1.（分数：2.00）(3).Paragraph 4 1.（分数：2.00）(4).Paragraph 5 1.（分数：2.00）(5).In China, the second most serious health problem after headache is 1. Ainsom
46、nia Bheart attack Cillness or medications Dsleeping quality at night E11 p. m. and 1 a. m. F9 p. m. and 11 p. m.（分数：2.00）(6).Fragmented sleep leads to health problems，which could affect 1.（分数：2.00）(7).TCM doctors advise people to fall asleep between 1.（分数：2.00）(8).According to a report in the New Yo
47、rk Times , poor sleep is because of 1.（分数：2.00）Co-educational VS. Single-sex schoolsDo you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools? A supporter of xo-educational schools would probably say that schools should be like the societies they belong to. In Hong Kong, men and women m
48、ix socially on a day-to-day basis. In many fields men are even likely to have female bosses. It is, therefore, desirable that boys and girls grow up together, go to school together, and prepare themselves for a society that does not value sexual separation. Some would go on to argue further that gro
49、wing up with members of the opposite sex is important for personal development. Regular contact (接触) can remove the strange ideas about the opposite sex and lead to more natural relationships. Single-sex conditions are seen as leading to more extreme opinions, and possibly even as encouraging homosexuality (同性恋), though there is no proof that this is the case. Those who are against co-education often also fix their attention on the sexual side. Some parents fear that close contact with members of the opposite sex is dangerous for teenagers. They want their
