1、职称英语理工类 C 级模拟 78 及答案解析(总分：101.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、第 1 部分：词汇选项(总题数：15，分数：16.00)1.It has taken many years to adopt internationally recognized standards for the licensing of aircraft pilots.（分数：1.00）A.dataB.criteriaC.committeesD.flags2.I feel regret about what“s happened.（分数：1.00）A.sorryB.disappointedC.sha
2、mefulD.disheartened3.Norman Blamey is an artist of deep convictions .（分数：1.00）A.statementsB.beliefsC.suggestionsD.claims4.The trumpet was part of the opera orchestra long before it became a standard orchestral instrument.（分数：1.00）A.majorB.tunefulC.desirableD.regular5.We packed up the things we had a
3、ccumulated (积累) over the last three years and left.（分数：2.00）A.lateB.recentC.pastD.final6.Mary looked pale and weary .（分数：1.00）A.illB.tiredC.worriedD.peaceful7.Knowing that I had been out of work now, they were unwilling to lend me money.（分数：1.00）A.reluctantB.unhappyC.readyD.prepared8.The governor ga
4、ve a rather vague outline of his tax plan.（分数：1.00）A.unclearB.firmC.shortD.neat9.In the latter case the outcome can be serious indeed.（分数：1.00）A.resultB.judgmentC.decisionD.event10.Please do not hesitate to call me if I can be of further assistance.（分数：1.00）A.contactB.seeC.helpD.touch11.I am not cer
5、tain whether he will come.（分数：1.00）A.determinedB.sureC.sorryD.glad12.Even in a highly modernized country, manual work is still needed.（分数：1.00）A.physicalB.mentalC.naturalD.hard13.The old lady let her flat to an English couple.（分数：1.00）A.offeredB.rentedC.providedD.sold14.The weather is a constant sub
6、ject of conversation in Britain.（分数：1.00）A.questionB.problemC.titleD.topic15.They agreed to settle the dispute by peaceful means.（分数：1.00）A.solveB.determineC.untieD.complete二、第 2 部分：阅读判断(总题数：1，分数：7.00)The Need to RememberSome people say they have no memory at all: “I just can“t remember a thing!“ Bu
7、t of course we all have a memory. Our memory tells us who we are. Our memory helps us to make use in the present of what we have learnt in the past. In fact we have different types of memory. For example, our visual memory helps us recall facts and places. Some people have such a strong visual memor
8、y that they can remember exactly what they have seen, for example, pages of a book, as a complete picture. Our verbal(言语的) memory helps us remember words and figures we may have heard but not seen or written: Items of a shopping list, a chemical formula, dates, or a recipe. With our emotional(情感的)me
9、mory, we recall situations or places where we had; strong feelings, perhaps of happiness or unhappiness. We also have special memories for smell, taste, touch and sound, and for performing physical movements. We have two ways of storing any of these memories. Our short-term memory stores items for u
10、p to thirty secondsenough to remember a telephone number while we dial. Our long-term memory, on the other hand, may store items for a lifetime. Older people in fact have a much biter long-term memory than short-term. They may forget what they have done only a few hours ago, but have the clearest re
11、membrance(记忆) of when they were very young. Psychologists tell us that we only remember a few facts about our past, and that we invent the rest. It is as though we remember only the outline of a story. We then make up the details. We often do this in the way we want to remember them, usually so that
12、 we appear as the heroes of our own past, or maybe victims needing sympathy (同情).（分数：7.00）(1).Visual memory helps us recall a place we have been to.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(2).Visual memory may be used when we read a story.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(3).Verbal memory helps u
13、s read words we have never heard.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(4).Emotional memory is used when we perform physical movements.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(5).Animals do not have a long-term memory.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(6).Long-term memory is more important than sh
14、ort-term memory.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(7).Generally we remember only a few facts about the past.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned三、第 3 部分：概括大意与完成句子(总题数：1，分数：8.00)Geology and Health1. The importance of particular metals in the human diet has been realized within the past few deca
15、des, and the idea that geology might be related to health has been recognized for a number of elements such as iodine, zinc and selenium. For example, soils with low iodine contents produce crops, and animals deficient in iodine. A lack of iodine in the human diet leads to some serious diseases. 2.
16、The ultimate source of metals within the human body is rocks, which weather into soil, gaining or losing some of their chemical constituents. The crops we eat selectively remove from the soil the elements that they require for growth. The water we drink contains trace elements leached from rock and
17、soil. Thus the geology and geochemistry of the environments have effects on the chemistry and health of plants, animals and people. 3. So far there is no data to suggest that people living on metal-rich soils experience a potential health hazard. The levels of metals within naturally contaminated so
18、ils are generally not high enough to cause serious health problems. Living on metal-rich soils does not represent a health risk unless large quantities of soil are digested or metal-rich dust is inhaled. However, small children are particularly exposed to metal-rich topsoil in playgrounds and garden
19、s. They are also the most likely ones to eat potentially dangerous metal-rich soil. 4. Heavy metals are persistent: they do not break down to other chemicals in the environment. Industrially polluted sites usually undergo intensive clean-up and rehabilitation because heavy metals are a health concer
20、n once they enter the food chain. Some trace metals are alleged to cause cancer and are also known to cause poisoning. 5. In contrast, naturally contaminated soils have not been subject to risk assessment studies and re- habilitation measures, despite the fact that they frequently possess metal conc
21、entrations well above those of such polluted by humans and above environmental quality criteria. 6. There is a vital need to understand the potential risks and long-term health effects of living on naturally contaminated soils. Future environmental investigations of naturally polluted soils should c
22、oncentrate on the potential pathways of metals into the food chain and human body. Geologists should be part of such studies as they can provide the essential background information on rock and soil chemistry as well as the chemical forms of heavy metal pollution.（分数：8.00）(1).Paragraph 1 1 A. No evi
23、dence to indicate bad effects of naturally contaminated soil B. Potential hazards of human contaminated soils C. Research on channels of heavy metals getting into human food chain D. Geology and health problems E. Rocks-the ultimate source of soil pollution F. Long-term health effects on children（分数
24、：1.00）(2).Paragraph 3 1（分数：1.00）(3).Paragraph 4 1（分数：1.00）(4).Paragraph 6 1（分数：1.00）(5).Some diseases is connected with deficiency of 1. A. industrially polluted soils B. rock and soil chemistry C. naturally polluted soils D. the pathways of metals into the food chain E. the element of iodine F. the
25、 persistence of heavy metals（分数：1.00）(6).It is extremely necessary to study the long-term effects caused by living on 1.（分数：1.00）(7).Geologists are indispensable in the research project on geology and health due to their knowledge on 1.（分数：1.00）(8).Industrially contaminated sites usually require a t
26、horough clean-up due to 1.（分数：1.00）四、第 4 部分：阅读理解(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、第一篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)The Emic and Etic ApproachesResearchers who are unfamiliar with the cultural and ethnic groups they are studying must take extra precautions to shed any biases they bring with them from their own culture. For example
27、, they must make sure they construct measures that are meaningful for each of the cultural or ethnic minority groups being studied. In conducting research on cultural and ethnic minority issues, investigators distinguish between the emic approach and the etic approach. In the emic approach, the goal
28、 is to describe behavior in one culture or ethnic group in term that are meaningful and important to the people in that culture or ethnic group, without regard to other cultures or ethnic groups. In the etic approach, the goal is to describe behavior so that generalizations can be made across cultur
29、es. If researchers construct a questionnaire in an emic fashion, their concern is only that the questions are meaningful to the particular culture or ethnic group being studied. If, however, the researchers construct a questionnaire in an eric fashion, they want to include questions that reflect con
30、cepts familiar to all cultures involved. How might the emic and eric approaches be reflected in the study of family processes? In the emic approach, the researchers might choose to focus only on middle-class White families, without regard to whether the information obtained in the study can be gener
31、alized or is appropriate for ethnic minority groups. In a subsequent study, the researchers may decide to adopt an etic approach by studying not only middle-class White families, but also lower-income White families, Black American families, Spanish American families, and Asian American families. In
32、 studying ethnic minority families, the researchers would likely discover that the extended family is more frequently a support system in ethnic minority families than in White American families. If so, the emic approach would reveal a more different pattern of family interaction than would the etic
33、 approach, documenting that research with middle class White families cannot always be generalized to all ethnic groups.（分数：15.00）(1).According to the first paragraph, researchers unfamiliar with the target cultures are inclined to（分数：3.00）A.be overcautious in constructing meaningful measures _.B.vi
34、ew them from their own cultural perspectiveC.guard against interference from their own cultureD.accept readily what is alien to their own culture(2).What does the author say about the emic approach and the eric approach?（分数：3.00）A.They have different research focuses in the study of ethnic issues.B.
35、The former is biased while the latter is objective.C.The former concentrates on the study of culture while the latter on family issues.D.They are both heavily dependent on questionnaires in conducting surveys.(3).The etic approach is concerned with _.（分数：3.00）A.the general characterizes of minority
36、familiesB.culture-related concepts of individual ethnic groupsC.features shared by various cultures or ethnic groupsD.the economic conditions of different types of families(4).Compared with the etic approach, the emic approach is apparently more _.（分数：3.00）A.culturally interactiveB.culture-orientedC
37、.culturally biasedD.culture-specific(5).Which of the following is true of the ethnic minority families in the U. S. according to the passage?（分数：3.00）A.Their cultural patterns ate usually more adaptable.B.Their cultural concepts are difficult to comprehend.C.They don“t interact with each other so mu
38、ch as White families.D.They have closer family ties than White families.六、第二篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Some Things We Know about LanguageMany things about language are a mystery, and many will always remain so. But some things we do know. First, we know that all human beings have a language of some sort. Ther
39、e is no race (种族) of men anywhere on earth so backward that it has no language, no set of speech sounds by which the people communicate with one another. Furthermore, in historical times, there has never been a race of men without a language. Second, there is no such thing as a primitive (原始的) langu
40、age. There are many people whose cultures are undeveloped, who are, as we say, uncivilized, but the languages they speak are not primitive. In all known languages we can see complexities that must have been tens of thousands of years in developing. This has not always been well understood; indeed, t
41、he direct contrary has often been stated. Popular ideas of the language of the American Indians will illustrate. Many people have supposed that the Indians communicated in a very primitive system of noises. Study has proved this to be nonsense. There are, or were, hundreds of American Indian languag
42、es, and all of them turn out to be very complicated and very old. They are certainly different from the languages that most of us are familiar with, but they are no more primitive than English and Greek. A third thing we know about language is that all languages are perfectly adequate. That is, each
43、 one is a perfect means of expressing the culture of the people who speak the language. Finally, we know that language changes. It is natural and normal for language to change; the only languages which do not change are the dead ones. This is easy to understand if we look backward in time. Change go
44、es on in all aspects of language. Grammatical features change as do speech sounds, and changes in vocabulary are sometimes very extensive and may occur very rapidly. Vocabulary is the least stable part of any language.（分数：15.00）(1).The author argues that we do know some things about language in _ as
45、pects.（分数：3.00）A.threeB.fourC.fiveD.six(2).According to the third paragraph, the author thinks that _.（分数：3.00）A.there exist some primitive languages in the worldB.there are many people who don“t have a languageC.no languages in the world haven“t been well developedD.there are some languages we know
46、 having little complexities(3).The author has used American Indian language to illustrate _.（分数：3.00）A.it hasn“t been well understood that there is no primitive languageB.the Indians communicated in a very primitive system of noisesC.English and Greek are less primitive than American Indian language
47、sD.hundreds of American Indian languages are easy and young(4).Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?（分数：3.00）A.A language is a means of expressing a particular culture.B.All languages can well express their respective cultures.C.American Indian languages are as complex as English.D.Some la
48、nguages are better than others.(5).According to the author, language changes are most likely to occur in _.（分数：3.00）A.grammarB.pronunciationC.vocabularyD.intonation七、第三篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)The Development of PersonalityPersonality is to large extent inherent. A-type parents usually bring A-type offsprin
49、g. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children. One place where children soak up (浸泡) a characteristic is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the “win at all costs“ moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive
