1、职称英语理工类 C 级-61 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、第 1 部分：词汇选项(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.Lead is potentially damaging to children“s health.（分数：1.00）A.slightB.surprisingC.suddenD.harmful2.Their interpretation was faulty .（分数：1.00）A.ambiguousB.wrongC.unclearD.unbelievable3.The latest census is encouraging.（分数：1.00）A
2、.countB.statementC.agreementD.estimate4.Her strange behaviour aroused our suspicions.（分数：1.00）A.confusedB.excitedC.scaredD.satisfied5.The telephone system is no longer operative .（分数：1.00）A.runningB.movingC.rotatingD.working6.He rolled up his trouser leg to exhibit his wounded knee.（分数：1.00）A.spread
3、B.openC.showD.examine7.He was banned from driving for six months.（分数：1.00）A.listedB.forbiddenC.handledD.investigated8.This valve regulates the flow of water.（分数：1.00）A.fightB.abolishC.removeD.control9.The workers finally called off the strike.（分数：1.00）A.put offB.endedC.cancelledD.participate in10.Th
4、ey agreed to settle the dispute by peaceful means.（分数：1.00）A.solveB.determineC.uniteD.complete11.Of the reptile groups, the snake group was the final one to appear.（分数：1.00）A.lastB.bestC.ugliestD.longest12.I am heartily grateful to your help.（分数：1.00）A.helpfulB.hatefulC.delightfulD.thankful13.Five m
5、inutes left, the outcome of the match was still in doubt.（分数：1.00）A.resultB.judgementC.decisionD.event14.He made a considerable sum of money in real estate.（分数：1.00）A.largeB.positiveC.powerfulD.realistic15.Have you talked to her lately ?（分数：1.00）A.lastlyB.shortlyC.recentlyD.immediately二、第 2 部分：阅读判断(
6、总题数：1，分数：7.00)Changes in MuseumsMuseums have changed. They are no longer places that one “should“ visit; they are places to enjoy and learn. At a Science museum in Ontario, Canada, you can feel your hair stand on end as harmless electricity passes through your body. At the Metropolitan (大城市的) Museum
7、 of Art in New York City, you can look at the seventeenth century instruments while listening to their music. At New York“s American Museum of Natural History recently, you can help make a bone-by-bone reproduction of the museum“s dinosaur (恐龙), a beast that lived 200 million years ago. More and mor
8、e museum directors are realizing that people learn best when they can somehow become part of what they are seeing. In many science museums, for example, there are no guided tours. The visitor is encouraged to touch, listen, operate, and experiment so as to discover scientific principles for himself.
9、 The purpose is not only to provide fun but also to help people feel at home in the world of science. The theory is that people who do not understand science will probably fear it, and those who fear science will not use it to best advantage. One cause of all these changes is the increase in wealth
10、and leisure time. Another cause is the rising percentage of young people in the population. Many of these young people are college students or college graduates. Leon F. Twiggs, a young black professor of art once said, “They see things in a new and different way. They are not satisfied to stand and
11、 look at works of art; they want art they can participate (参加) in. “The same is true of science and history.（分数：7.00）(1).When visiting museums nowadays, people can take part in many activities.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(2).New York“s American Museum of Natural History is opened recently.
12、（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(3).In science museums nowadays visitors are not allowed to touch or operate the objects on display.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(4).In science museums today, people no longer feel strange in the world of science but gain scientific knowledge by themsel
13、ves.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(5).In America today, all science museums are open to the public and free.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(6).People can afford to get into the modern museums since they have more time now.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(7).Young people who are
14、well-educated like the art they can participate in.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned三、第 3 部分：概括大意与完成句子(总题数：1，分数：8.00)Traffic JamsNo End in Sight1 Traffic congestion (拥堵) affects people throughout the world. Trifle jams cause smog in dozens of cities across both the developed and developing worl
15、d. In the U.S., commuters (通勤人员) spend an average of a full working week each year sitting in traffic jams, according to the Texas Transportation Institute. While alternative ways of getting around are available, most people still choose their cars because they are looking for convenience, comfort a
16、nd privacy. 2 The most promising technique for reducing city traffic is called congestion pricing, whereby cities charge a toll to enter certain parts of town at certain times of day. In theory, if the toll is high enough, some drivers will cancel their trips or go by bus or train. And in practice i
17、t seems to work: Singapore, London and Stockholm have reduced traffic and pollution in city centers thanks to congestion pricing. 3 Another way to reduce rush-hour traffic is for employers to implement flexitime, which lets employees travel to and from work at off-peak traffic times to avoid the rus
18、h hour. Those who have to travel during busy times can do their part by sharing cars. Employers can also allow more staff to telecommute (work from home) so as to keep more cars off the road altogether. 4 Some urban planners still believe that the best way to ease traffic congestion is to build more
19、 roads, especially roads that can take drivers around or over crowded city streets. But such techniques do not really keep ears off the road; they only accommodate more of them. 5 Other, more forward-thinking, planners know that more and more drivers and cars are taking to the roads every day, and t
20、hey are unwilling to encourage more private automobiles when public transport is so much better both for people and the environment. For this reason, the American government has decided to spend some $7 billion on helping to increase capacity on public-transport systems and upgrade them with more ef
21、ficient technologies. But environmentalists complain that such funding is tiny compared with the $50 billion being spent on roads and bridges.（分数：8.00）(1).Paragraph 1 1 A. Paying to Get in B. A Solution Which Is No Solution C. Changing Work Practice D. Closing City Centers to Traffic E. Not Doing En
22、ough F. A Global Problem（分数：1.00）(2).Paragraph 2 1（分数：1.00）(3).Paragraph 3 1（分数：1.00）(4).Paragraph 4 1（分数：1.00）(5).Most American drivers think it convenient to 1. A. reduce traffic jams B. spend more money C. drive around D. travel regularly E. go by bus F. encourage more private cars（分数：1.00）(6).If
23、 charged high enough, some drivers may 1 to enter certain parts of town.（分数：1.00）(7).Building more roads is not an effective way to 1.（分数：1.00）(8).The U.S. government has planned to 1 updating public-transport systems.（分数：1.00）四、第 4 部分：阅读理解(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、第一篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Older Volcanic Eruptions
24、Volcanoes were more destructive in ancient history, not because they were bigger, but because the carbon dioxide they released wiped out life with greater ease. Paul Wignall from the University of Leeds was investigating the link between volcanic eruptions and mass extinctions. Not all volcanic erup
25、tions killed off large numbers of animals, but all the mass extinctions over the past 300 million years coincided with huge formations of volcanic rock. To his surprise, the older the massive volcanic eruptions were, the more damage they seemed to do. He calculated the “killing efficiency“ for these
26、 volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava (熔岩) that they produced. He found that size for size, older eruptions were at least 10 times as effective at wiping out life as their more recent rivals. The Permian (二叠纪) extinction, for example, which happened 2
27、50 million years ago, is marked by floods of volcanic rock in Siberia that cover an area roughly the size of western Europe. Those volcanoes are thought to have pumped out about 10 gigatonnes (十亿吨) of carbon as carbon dioxide. The global warming that followed wiped out 80 percent of all marine gener
28、a (种类) at the time, and it took 5 million years for the planet to recover. Yet 60 million years ago, there was another huge amount of volcanic activity and global warming but no mass extinction. Some animals did disappear but things returned to normal within ten thousands of years. “The most recent
29、ones hardly have an effect at all.“ Wignall says. He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid (小行星). He thinks that older volcanoes had more killing power because more recent life f
30、orms were better adapted to dealing with increased levels of CO 2 . Vincent Courtillot, director of the Paris Geophysical Institute in France, says that Wignall“s idea is provocative. But he says it is incredibly hard to do these sorts of calculations. He points out that the killing power of volcani
31、c eruptions depends on how long they lasted. And it is impossible to tell whether the huge blasts lasted for thousands or millions of years. He also adds that it is difficult to estimate how much lava prehistoric volcanoes produced, and that lava volume may not necessarily correspond to carbon dioxi
32、de emissions.（分数：15.00）(1).Why were older volcanic eruptions more destructive than more recent ones according to Wignall?（分数：3.00）A.Because they were brighter.B.Because they were larger.C.Because more recent life forms were better adapted to CO2.D.Because older volcanic eruptions released more lava.
33、(2).“Killing efficiency“ is calculated by comparing _.（分数：3.00）A.the span of time volcanoes lastedB.the volume of lava volcanoes producedC.the number of living things volcanoes killed offD.the proportion of life wiped out with the volume of lava(3).Permian extinction occurred _.（分数：3.00）A.300 millio
34、n years agoB.250 million years agoC.60 million years agoD.65 million years ago(4).Which of the following is NOT true according to Paragraph 3?（分数：3.00）A.Only 80 percent of marine genera survived the global warming caused by the Permian extinction.B.It took 5 million years for the planet to recover f
35、rom the Permian extinction.C.The huge amount of volcanic activity and global warming 60 million years ago did not lead to mass extinction.D.The cause of dinosaurs“ extinction has remained a controversial issue.(5).What is Vincent Courtillot“s attitude towards Wignall“s idea?（分数：3.00）A.Positive.B.Neg
36、ative.C.Neutral.D.Unclear.六、第二篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Some Things We Know about LanguageMany things about language are a mystery, and many will always remain so. But some things we do know. First, we know that all human beings have a language of some sort. There is no race (种族) of men anywhere on earth so
37、backward that it has no language, no set of speech sounds by which the people communicate with one another. Furthermore, in historical times, there has never been a race of men without a language. Second, there is no such thing as a primitive (原始的) language. There are many people whose cultures are
38、undeveloped, who are, as we say, uncivilized, but the languages they speak are not primitive. In all known languages we can see complexities that must have been tens of thousands of years in developing. This has not always been well understood; indeed, the direct contrary has often been stated. Popu
39、lar ideas of the language of the American Indians will illustrate. Many people have supposed that the Indians communicated in a very primitive system of noises. Study has proved this to be nonsense. There are, or were, hundreds of American Indian languages, and all of them turn out to be very compli
40、cated and very old. They are certainly different from the languages that most of us are familiar with, but they are no more primitive than English and Greek. A third thing we know about language is that all languages are perfectly adequate. That is, each one is a perfect means of expressing the cult
41、ure of the people who speak the language. Finally, we know that language changes. It is natural and normal for language to change; the only languages which do not change are the dead ones. This is easy to understand if we look backward in time. Change goes on in all aspects of language. Grammatical
42、features change as do speech sounds, and changes in vocabulary are sometimes very extensive and may occur very rapidly. Vocabulary is the least stable part of any language.（分数：15.00）(1).The author argues that we do know some things about language in _ aspects.（分数：3.00）A.threeB.fourC.fiveD.six(2).Acc
43、ording to the third paragraph, the author thinks that _.（分数：3.00）A.there exist some primitive languages in the worldB.there are many people who don“t have a languageC.no languages in the world haven“t been well developedD.there are some languages we know having little complexities(3).The author has
44、used American Indian language to illustrate _.（分数：3.00）A.it hasn“t been well understood that there is no primitive languageB.the Indians communicated in a very primitive system of noisesC.English and Greek are less primitive than American Indian languagesD.hundreds of American Indian languages are e
45、asy and young(4).Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?（分数：3.00）A.A language is a means of expressing a particular culture.B.All languages can well express their respective cultures.C.American Indian languages are as complex as English.D.Some languages are better than others.(5).According t
46、o the author, language changes are most likely to occur in _.（分数：3.00）A.grammarB.pronunciationC.vocabularyD.intonation七、第三篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Please Fasten Your SeatbeltsSevere turbulence (湍流) can kill aircraft passengers. Now, in test flights over the Rocky Mountains, NASA (美国航空航天局) engineers have suc
47、cessfully detected clear-air turbulence up to 10 seconds before an aircraft hits it. Clear-air turbulence often catches pilots by surprise. Invisible to radar, it is difficult to forecast and can hurl (用力抛出去) passengers about the cabin. In December 1997, one passenger died and a hundred others were
48、injured when unexpected rough air caused a United Airlines flight over the Pacific to drop 300 meters in a few seconds. However, passengers can avoid serious injury by fastening their seatbelts. “It is the only antidote (对策) for this sort of thing,“ says Rod Bogue, project manager at NASA“s Dryden F
49、light Research Center in Edwards, California. The Center“s new turbulence detector is based on lidar, or laser-radar. Laser pulses are sent ahead of the plane and these are then reflected back by particles in the air. The technique depends on the Doppler Effect (多普勒效应). The wavelength of the light shifts according to the speed at which the particles are approaching. In calm air, the speed equals the plane“s airspeed. But as the particles swirl (打漩) in rough air, their speed of approach increases or decreases rapidly. The rate of change in speed corresponds to the
