1、职称英语理工类 B 级真题 2015 年及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：120 分钟)一、第一部分：词汇选项（第 115 题，每题 1(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.The organization was bold enough to face the press.（分数：1.00）A.pleasedB.powerfulC.braveD.sensible2.I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class.（分数：1.00）A.acceptB.controlC.observeD.regulate3.I realized
2、 to my horror that I had forgotten the present.（分数：1.00）A.limitB.fearC.powerD.fool4.Most people find rejection hard to accept.（分数：1.00）A.excuseB.clientC.destinyD.refusal5.Shes extremely competent and industrious（分数：1.00）A.hardworkingB.honestC.objectiveD.independent6.The doctors did not reveal the tr
3、uth to him.（分数：1.00）A.hideB.handleC.discloseD.establish7.He tried to assemble his thoughts.（分数：1.00）A.clearB.shareC.gatherD.spare8.The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison.（分数：1.00）A.messageB.punishmentC.guiltD.obligation9.Prisoners were kept in the most appalling conditions.（分数：1.00
4、）A.flexibleB.terribleC.reasonableD.serious10.These products are inferior to those we brought last year.（分数：1.00）A.poorer thanB.narrower thanC.larger thanD.richer than11.The political situation in the region has deteriorated rapidly.（分数：1.00）A.improvedB.changedC.worsenedD.developed12.There was a simu
5、ltaneous trial taking place in the next building.（分数：1.00）A.coexistingB.fairC.fullD.pubic13.Theyre petitioning for better facilities for the disabled on public transport.（分数：1.00）A.requestingB.planningC.preparingD.looking14.He said some harsh words about his brother.（分数：1.00）A.unkindB.properC.normal
6、D.unclear15.We were attracted by the lure of quick money.（分数：1.00）A.amountB.supplyC.sumD.temp二、第二部分：阅读判断（第 1622 题，每题(总题数：1，分数：7.00)ADHD Linked to Air Pollutants Children have an increased of attention problems, seen as early as grade school. If their noses inhaled（吸入）a certain type of air pollution
7、when they were pregnant. Thats the finding of a new study. Released when things arent burned completely, this pollution is known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs. The biggest sources of these PAHs: the burning of fossil fuels, wood and trash. Frederica Perera works at Columbia University
8、s Mailman School of Public Health is New York City. She researches how exposure to things in the environment affects childrens health in a new study, she and her team studied the exposure to air pollution of 233 nonsmoking pregnant women in New York City. Because burning tobacco can spew（排放）PAHs int
9、o the air and lungs, Pereras team focused on nonsmokers. The researchers wanted to probe（探查）other sources of PAHs, ones thats would have been hard for an individual to avoid. The team started by testing the blood of each woman during pregnancy. The reason Any PAHs in a womans blood would also be ava
10、ilable to the baby in her womb. Nine years later, the researchers investigated signs of attention problems in those children, now age 9. They asked each childs mother a series of questions. These included whatever her child had problems doing things that needed sustained（长期的）mental effort, such as h
11、omework or games with friends. The scientists also asked if the kids had trouble following instructions or made frequent, careless mistakes. All of these can be symptoms of a disorder called Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, or ADHD. About one in U.S. children has ADHD. Among the women studi
12、ed, traffic and home heating were the primary sources of air pollution exposure, Perera and her team suspect. Some of these women had low levels of PAHs in their blood. Ohters had high levels. Those with high levels were five times as likely to have children who showed attention problems by age 9. T
13、he new findings were published November 5 in the journal PLOS ONE. （分数：7.00）(1).Perera and her team chose nonsmoking pregnant women all over America. （分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(2).The main purpose of the research was to find out how exposure to PAHs played a role in harming the subjects
14、physical health.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(3).Nonsmoking mothers were selected because the effect of smoking on PAHs was unclear. （分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(4).The blood of each woman was tested once a month during pregnancy. （分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(5).Kids wit
15、h ADHD commonly fail in school.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(6).The women with high levels of PAHs in their blood were more likely to have kids with ADHD. （分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(7).Traffic and home heating were considered to be the biggest sources of PAHs for the subjects in
16、 the research.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned三、第三部分：概括大意与完成句子（第 233(总题数：1，分数：8.00)First Image-recognitions software 1）Dartmouth researchers and their colleagues have created an artificial intelligence software that uses photos to locate documents on the Internet with far greater accuracy than
17、 ever before. 2）The new system, witch was tested on photos and is now being applied to videos, shows for the first time that a machine learning algorithm（运算法则）for image recognition and retrieval is accurate and efficienti enough to improve large-scale document searches online. The system uses pixel（
18、像素）data in images and potentially videorather than just textto locate documents. It learns to recognize the pixels associatedwith a search phrase by studying the results from text-based image search engines. The knowledge gleaned（收集）from those results can then be applied to other photos without tags
19、 or captions（图片说明）,making for more accurate document search results. 3）“Over the last 30 years,“ says Associate Professor Korenzo Torresani, a co-author of the study,“the web has evolved from a small collection of mostly text documents to a modern, massive, fast-growing multimedia datastet, where ne
20、arly every page includes multiple pictures of videos. When a person looks at a Web page, he immediately get the gist（主旨）of it by looking at the pictures in it. Yet, sruprisingly, all existing popular search engine, such as Google or Bing, strip away the information contained in the photos and use ex
21、clusively the text of Wed pages to perform the document retrieval. Our study is the first to show that modern machine vision systems are accurate and efficient enough to make effective use of the information contained in image pixels to improve document search“ 4）The researchers designed and tested
22、a machine vision systema type of artificialintelligence that allows computers to learn without being explicitly programmedthat extracts semantic（语义的）information from pixels of photos in Web pages. This informationg is used to enrich the description of the HTML page used by search engines for documen
23、t retrieval. The researchers tested their approach using more than 600 search queries（查询）on a database of 50 million Wed pages. They selected the text-retrieval search engine with the best performance and modified it to make use of the additional semantic information extracted by their method from t
24、he pictures of the Web pages. They found tht this produced a 30 percent improvement in precision over the original search engine purely based on text.（分数：8.00）(1).A.Popularity of the new system B.Publication of the new discovery C.Function of the new system D.Artificial intelligence software created
25、 E.Problems of the existing search engines F.Improvementi in document retrieval Paragraph 1 _（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.(2).Paragraph 2 _（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.(3).Paragraph 3 _（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.(4).Paragraph 4 _（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.(5).A.information in images B.current popular search engines C.using pho
26、tos D.machine vision systems E.document search F.description of the HTML page The new system does document retrieval by _.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.(6).The new system is expected to improve precision in _.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.(7).When performing document retrieval the existing search engines ignore _. （分
27、数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.(8).The new system was found more effective in document search than the _. （分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.四、第四部分：阅读理解(总题数：3，分数：45.00)Why Buy Shade-Grown Coffee? When people argue about whether coffee is good for health, theyre usually thinking of the health of the coffee drinker. Is it food
28、 for your heart? Does it increase blood pressure? Does it help you concentrate? However, coffee affects the health of the human population in other ways, too. Traditionally, coffee bushes were planted under the canopy（树冠）of taller indigenous（土生土长的）trees. However, more and more farmers in Latin Ameri
29、ca are deforesting the land to grow full-sun coffees. At first, this increases production because more coffee bushes can be planted if there arent any trees. With increased production come increased profits. Unfortunately, deforesting for coffee production immediately decreases local-wildlife habita
30、t. Native birds nest and hide from predators（捕食者）in the tall trees and migrating birds rest there. Furthermore, in the long term, the full-sun method also damages the ecosystem because more chemical fertilizers and pesticides are needed to grow the coffee. The fertilizers and pesticides kill insects
31、 that eat coffee plant, but then the birds eat the poisoned insects and also die. The chemicals kill or sicken other animals as well, and can even enter the water that people will eventually drink. Fortunately, farmers in Central and South America are beginning to grow more coffee bushes in the shad
32、e. We can support these farmers by buying coffee with such labels as “shade grown“ and “bird friendly.“ Sure, these varieties might cost a little more. But were paying for the health of the birds, the land, ourselves, and the planet. I think its worth it. （分数：15.00）(1).What is the main idea of this
33、passage?（分数：3.00）A.Farmers are changing the way they grow coffee.B.Coffee is becoming more expensive to produce.C.Shade-grow coffee is more expensive than sun-grow coffee.D.People should buy shade-grown coffee.(2).The function of the word “Traditionally“ in Paragraph 2 is to show_.（分数：3.00）A.the pos
34、itive effects of coffee.B.a change of coffee growth.C.something that is the most important.D.how coffee production used to be.(3).What does increased production of full-sun coffee bring about?（分数：3.00）A.More insects.B.Better quality coffee.C.Larger farms.D.Higher profits.(4). How do farmers find mor
35、e land for growing full-sun coffee?（分数：3.00）A.They buy more land from other farmers.B.They cut down trees.C.They move to another country.D.They turn grassland into farmland.(5).The full-sun method may affect the following EXCEPT_.（分数：3.00）A.insectsB.airC.bridsD.humansMore Rural Research is Needed Ag
36、ricultural research funding is vital if the world is to feed itself better than it does now. Dr. Tony Fischer, crop scientist, said demand was growing at 2.5% per year but with modern technologies and the development of new ones, the world should be able to stay ahead. “The global decline in investm
37、ent in international agricultural research must be reversed if significant progress is to be made towards reducing malnutrition（营养不良）and poverty.“ he said. Research is needed to solve food production, land degradation（贫瘠化）and environmental problems. Secure local food supplies led to economic growth
38、which is turn, slowed population growth. Dr. Fischer painted a picture of the worlds ability to feed itself in the first 25 years, when the worlds population is expected to rise from 5 X to X billion people. He said that things will probably hold or improve but therell still be a lot of hungry peopl
39、e. The biggest concentration of poor and hungry people would be in sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia in 2020, similar to the currenti pattern. If there is any change, a slighe improvement will be seen in southern Asia, but not in sub-Saharan Africa. The major improvement will be in East Asia, Sou
40、th America and South-East Asia. The debeloping world was investing about 0.5%, or $8 billion a year, of its agricultural gross domestic product(GDP)on research and developed world was spending 2.5% of its GDP. Dr. Fischer said more was needed from all countries. He said crop research could produce t
41、echnologies that spread across many countries, such as wheat production research having spin-offs（有用的副产品）for Mexico, China or India. “Technologies still need to be refined for the local conditions but a lot of the strategic research can have global application, so that money can be used very efficie
42、ntly.“ Dr.Fischer said. Yields of rice, wheat ad maize（玉米）have grown impressively in the past 30 years, especially in developing countries. For example, maize production rose from 2 to 8 tonnes per hectare between 1950 and 1995. But technologies driving this growth such as high-yield varieties, fert
43、ilizers, and irrigation, were becoming exhausted. “If you want to save the land for non-agricultural activities, for forests and wildlife, youre going to have to increase yield.“ Dr. Fischer said. （分数：15.00）(1).What is the passage mainly about?（分数：3.00）A.Shortage of food supplies.B.Development of ag
44、ricultural technologies.C.Impact of agricultural research.D.Expectation of population growth.(2).Which of the following statements is true about the worlds agricultural research funding? （分数：3.00）A.It is increasing among developed countries.B.It is decreasing worldwide.C.Less is demanded from develo
45、ping countries.D.Most of it is spent very efficiently.(3).What is the picture of Asias food supplies in the first 25 years?（分数：3.00）A.Food shortage will not be a problem.B.There will be more hungry people in southern Asia.C.Population growth will result in more hungry people.D.There will be fewer hu
46、ngry people in East Asia.(4).What does Dr. Fischer say about technologies?（分数：3.00）A.They are costly.B.They have to be improved to meet local needs.C.Their application is limited.D.They have to be applied locally.(5).It can be infered from the last paragraph that_.（分数：3.00）A.there is a demand for sa
47、ving land for non-agricultural activities.B.crop production is growing faster in developing countries.C.maize production reached its peak in the 1990s.D.technologies improving maize production have been well developed.Dangers await babies with altitude Women who live in the worlds highest communitie
48、s tend to give birth to under-weight babies, a new study suggests. These babies may grow into adults with a high risk of heart disease and strokes. Research has hinted that newborns in mountain communities are lighter than average. But it wasnt clear whether this is due to reduced oxygen levels at h
49、igh altitude or because their mothers are under-nourishedmany people who live at high altitudes are relatively poor compared with those living lower down. To find out more, Dino Giussani and his team at Cambridge University studied the records of 400 births in Bolivia during 1976 and 1998. The babies were born in both rich and poor areas of two cities: La Paz and Santa Cruz. L Paz is the highest city in the world, at 3.65 kilometers above sea level, while Santa Cruz is much lower, at 0.44 kilometers. Sure enough, Giussa
