1、职称英语理工类 B 级-51 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、第 1 部分：词汇选项(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.Tonight“s live coverage of the hockey game is very wonderful.（分数：1.00）A.barrageB.orphanageC.reportageD.usage2.I will draft a letter for you.（分数：1.00）A.clarifyB.formulateC.reviseD.contribute3.The benefits are immense .（分数：1.00）
2、A.muchB.extensiveC.littleD.enormous4.The man is a mystery for his neighbors.（分数：1.00）A.problemB.puzzleC.questionD.point5.She omitted to mention that they were staying the night.（分数：1.00）A.failedB.forgottenC.deletedD.left out6.He struck him with a mighty blow across his shoulder.（分数：1.00）A.very stron
3、gB.very longC.very greatD.very fast7.I don“t know if the painting is authentic .（分数：1.00）A.elegantB.genuineC.intentionalD.thorough8.The police crept up from behind and took the gangster by surprise.（分数：1.00）A.violent criminalB.politicianC.musicianD.industrialist9.Growing levels of pollution represen
4、t a serious health hazard to the local population.（分数：1.00）A.protectionB.indicationC.immunityD.danger10.Peking is a densely populated area.（分数：1.00）A.compactlyB.inexpensivelyC.quicklyD.carefully11.The government proposed changes to the voting system.（分数：1.00）A.statedB.declaredC.suggestedD.announced1
5、2.There seemed to be no motive for the murder.（分数：1.00）A.reasonB.argumentC.targetD.stimulus13.No civilized country should deem theft lawful .（分数：1.00）A.legalB.irresistibleC.enjoyableD.profitable14.We had only a vague description of the attacker.（分数：1.00）A.conciseB.impreciseC.unpolishedD.elementary15
6、.If the symptoms persist , consult your doctor.（分数：1.00）A.insistB.persevereC.continueD.resist二、第 2 部分：阅读判断(总题数：1，分数：7.00)Plants in DesertOnly special plants can survive the terrible climate of a desert, for these are regions where the annual range of the soil temperature can be over 75 %. Furthermor
7、e, during the summer there are few clouds in the sky to protect plants from the sun“s ray. Another problem is the fact that there are frequently strong winds that drive small, sharp particles of sand into the plants, tearing and damaging them. The most difficult problem for all forms of plant life,
8、however, is the fact that the entire manual rainfall occurs during a few days or weeks in spring. Grasses and flowers in desert survive from one year to the next by existing through the long, hot, dry season in the form of seeds. These seeds remain inactive unless the right amount of rain falls. If
9、no rain falls, or if insufficient rain falls, they wait until the next year, or even still the next. Another factor that helps these plants to survive is the fact that their life cycles are short. By the time the water from the spring rains disappearsjust a few weeks after it fallssuch plants no lon
10、ger need any. The perennials (多年生植物) have special features that enable them to survive as plants for several years. Thus, nearly all desert perennials have extensive root systems below ground and a small shoot system above ground. The large root network enables the plant to absorb as much water as p
11、ossible in short time. The small shoot system, on the other hand, considerably limits water loss by evaporation (蒸发). Another feature of many perennials is that after the rainy season they lose their leaves in preparation for the long, dry season, just as trees in wetter climates lose theirs in prep
12、aration for the winter. This reduces their water loss by evaporation during the dry season. Then, in next rainy season, they come fully alive once more, and grow new branches, leaves and flowers, just as the grasses and flowers in desert do.（分数：7.00）(1).Ordinary plants are unable to survive in the d
13、esert mainly because of the changeable weather.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(2).Grasses and flowers in desert are able to survive because they stay in the form of seeds to wait for the right amount of water to come.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(3).Grasses and flowers in the desert
14、whose life cycles are short show their ability to adapt to the quick disappearance of rainwater there after it falls in spring.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(4).Winter is the toughest season for the grasses and flowers to survive.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(5).The shoot system of
15、perennials can help the plants absorb less of the sun“s ray.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(6).The theme of the second last paragraph is why the perennials can survive as plants for several years.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(7).Desert perennials lose their leaves after the rainy sea
16、son just as trees in wetter climates lose theirs because winter arrives, but the reasons for this feature are different.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned三、第 3 部分：概括大意与完成句子(总题数：1，分数：8.00)Electromagnetic Energy1. White light seems to be a combination of all colors. The energy that comes from a so
17、urce of light is not limited to the kind of energy you can see. Heat is given off by a flame or an electric light. On a cloudy day it is possible to get a sunburn even though you feel cool. Visible light and the kinds of energy that produce warmth and sunburn are examples of electromagnetic energy.
18、2. The sun is 93 million miles from the earth. Yet we can use energy from the sun because electromagnetic energy travels through space. 3. Many other kinds of energy are also types of electromagnetic energy. Radio, television, and radar signals travel from transmitters to receivers as low-energy ele
19、ctromagnetic waves. Infrared (红外线的) radiation is an electromagnetic wave. When it is absorbed by matter, heat is produced. Waves of infrared and visible light have more energy than waves of radio, television, or radar. Ultraviolet rays (紫外线) and X-rays are electromagnetic waves with even greater amo
20、unts of energy. Infrared radiation is used in cooking food and heating buildings. Sunlight and electric lights are part of our requirements for normal living. Ultraviolet radiation is useful in killing certain disease organisms. X-rays and gamma rays have so much energy that they travel through soli
21、d objects. They can be used to detect and treat cancer. X-rays are used in industry to find hidden cracks in metal, and in medicine to reveal broken bones. 4. Usually we use electricity to generate electromagnetic energy. The source of most of our energy is the sun. Heat from the sun causes water to
22、 evaporate. When the water falls to the earth as rain, some of it is trapped behind dams and then used to operate electric generators. Other generators are powered by coal, but the energy stored in coal came from the sun, too. 5. Until recently, the source of the tremendous amount of energy given of
23、f by the sun was a puzzle. If the sun depended on chemical reactions, it would have used up all its energy long ago. Experiments with electromagnetic radiation led to the theory that mass can be converted into energy. About forty years after the theory was proposed, nuclear energy was harnessed (利用)
24、 by man. Chemical energy comes from electron (电子) rearrangement. Nuclear energy comes from a change in the nucleus of an atom. Compared with chemical reactions, nuclear reactions release millions of times more energy per pound of fuel. We now believe that the sun“s energy comes from the nuclear reac
25、tions in which hydrogen is changed into helium (氦). 6. Nuclear energy is beginning to compete with coal as an economical source of power to generate electricity. It is also being used to operate engines in large ships. Scientists continue to seek new and better methods of obtaining and using energy.
26、（分数：8.00）(1).Paragraph 3 1 A. Nuclear Reactions as the Lasting Source of the Sun“s Energy B. The Most Important Source of Energy C. Types of Electromagnetic Energy D. The Machines Used for Energy Generation E. Seeking New Sources of Energy F. The Use of Ultraviolet Radiation in Medicine（分数：1.00）(2).
27、Paragraph 4 1（分数：1.00）(3).Paragraph 5 1（分数：1.00）(4).Paragraph 6 1（分数：1.00）(5).One can get a sunburn even 1. A. when it is absorbed by matter B. when it is cloudy C. because they can pass through solid objects D. when the sunrays are fierce E. when a change in the nucleus of an atom takes place F. wh
28、en electron rearrangement takes place（分数：1.00）(6).Infrared radiation can produce heat 1.（分数：1.00）(7).X-rays and gamma rays can be used to detect and treat cancer 1.（分数：1.00）(8).Chemical energy is generated 1.（分数：1.00）四、第 4 部分：阅读理解(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、第一篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Adaptation of Living ThingsCertain
29、 animals and plants develop characteristics that help them cope with their environment better than others of their kind. This natural biological process is called adaptation. Among the superior characteristics developed through adaptation are those that may help in getting food or shelter, in provid
30、ing protection, and in producing and protecting the young. That results in the evolution of more and more organisms (微生物) that are better fitted to their environments. Each living thing is adapted to its way of life in a general way, but each is adapted especially to its own distinct class. A plant,
31、 for example, depends upon its roots to fix itself firmly and to absorb water and inorganic (无机的) chemicals. It depends upon its green leaves for using the sun“s energy to make food from inorganic chemicals. These are general adaptations, common to most plants. In addition, there are special adaptat
32、ions that only certain kinds of plants have. Many animals have adaptations that help them escape from their enemies. Some insects are hidden by their body color or shape, and many look like a leaf or a little branch. The coats of deer are colored to mix with the surroundings. Many animals have the a
33、bility to remain completely still when an enemy is near. Organisms have a great variety of ways of adapting. They may adapt in their structure, function, and genetics; in their development and production of the young; and in other respects. An organism may create its own environment, as do warm-bloo
34、ded mammals (哺乳动物), which have the ability to adjust body heat exactly to maintain their ideal temperature despite changing weather. Usually adaptations are an advantage, but sometimes an organism is so well adapted to a particular environment that, if conditions change, it finds it difficult or imp
35、ossible to readapt to the new conditions.（分数：15.00）(1).Some plants and animals develop superior characteristics so that they may _.（分数：3.00）A.help others of their kind get food, shelter and other things neededB.survive even in extremely severe conditionsC.become better adapted to the environments th
36、an others of their kindD.result in the evolution and production of more intelligent organisms(2).In the first paragraph, the word “environments“ could best be replaced by _.（分数：3.00）A.contextsB.surroundingsC.neighboursD.enemies(3).It can be inferred from this passage that some insects use their body
37、 color _.（分数：3.00）A.to frighten its enemiesB.to attract its enemiesC.to adjust its body heatD.to match its environment(4).Which of the following is NOT directly mentioned?（分数：3.00）A.A living thing may adapt in its structure.B.An organism may adapt in its function.C.A living creature may adapt in its
38、 genetic makeup.D.A living organism may adapt in its sleeping habit.(5).The author cites the behavior of warm-blooded mammals in order to illustrate that _.（分数：3.00）A.a living thing may have the ability to create an environment of its ownB.a living creature may have the ability to remain still when
39、an enemy is nearC.a living creature may have the ability to make food from its inorganic chemicalsD.a living creature may have the ability to change the color of its skin六、第二篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Older Volcanic EruptionsVolcanoes were more destructive in ancient history, not because they were bigger, but
40、 because the carbon dioxide they released wiped out life with greater ease. Paul Wignall from the University of Leeds was investigating the link between volcanic eruptions and mass extinctions. Not all volcanic eruptions killed off large numbers of animals, but all the mass extinctions over the past
41、 300 million years coincided with huge formations of volcanic rock. To his surprise, the older the massive volcanic eruptions were, the more damage they seemed to do. He calculated the “killing efficiency“ for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lav
42、a (熔岩) that they produced. He found that size for size, older eruptions were at least 10 times as effective at wiping out life as their more recent rivals. The Permian (二叠纪) extinction, for example, which happened 250 million years ago, is marked by floods of volcanic rock in Siberia that cover an a
43、rea roughly the size of western Europe. Those volcanoes are thought to have pumped out about 10 gigatonnes (十亿吨) of carbon as carbon dioxide. The global warming that followed wiped out 80 percent of all marine genera (种类) at the time, and it took 5 million years for the planet to recover. Yet 60 mil
44、lion years ago, there was another huge amount of volcanic activity and global warming but no mass extinction. Some animals did disappear but things returned to normal within ten thousands of years. “The most recent ones hardly have an effect at all,“ Wignall says. He ignored the extinction which wip
45、ed out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid (小行星). He thinks that older volcanoes had more killing power because more recent life forms were better adapted to dealing with increased levels of CO 2 . Vincent Courtillo
46、t, director of the Paris Geophysical Institute in France, says that Wignall“s idea is provocative. But he says it is incredibly hard to do these sorts of calculations. He points out that the killing power of volcanic eruptions depends on how long they lasted. And it is impossible to tell whether the
47、 huge blasts lasted for thousands or millions of years. He also adds that it is difficult to estimate how much lava prehistoric volcanoes produced, and that lava volume may not necessarily correspond to carbon dioxide emissions.（分数：15.00）(1).Why were older volcanic eruptions more destructive than mo
48、re recent ones according to Wignall?（分数：3.00）A.Because they were brighter.B.Because they were larger.C.Because more recent life forms were better adapted to CO2.D.Because older volcanic eruptions released more lava.(2).“Killing efficiency“ is calculated by comparing _.（分数：3.00）A.the span of time vol
49、canoes lastedB.the volume of lava volcanoes producedC.the number of living things volcanoes killed offD.the proportion of life wiped out with the volume of lava(3).Permian extinction occurred _.（分数：3.00）A.300 million years agoB.250 million years agoC.60 million years agoD.65 million years ago(4).Which of the following is wrong according to Paragraph 3?（分数：3.00）A.Only 80 percent of marine genera survived the global warming caused by the Permian extinction.B.It took 5 million years for the planet to recover from the Permian extinction.C.The huge amount of volcanic
