1、职称英语理工类 B 类-阅读理解及答案解析(总分：93.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、阅读理解(总题数：31，分数：93.00)1.During Mirs lifetime, Russia spent about US $4.2 billion to build and maintain the station.The Soviet Union launched Mir, which was designed to last from three to five years, on February 20,1986, and housed 104 astronauts over 12 yea
2、rs and seven months, most of whom were not Russian. In fact, it became the first intemational space station by playing host to 62 people from 11 countries. From 1995 through 1998, seven astronauts from the United States took turns living on Mir for up to six months each. They were among the 37 Ameri
3、cans who visited the station during nine stopovers by space shuffles. _ Americans ever visited Mir during its lifetime. A. 62 B. 37 C. 11 D. Seven（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.2.For years, U. S. automakers have fought tougher regulations by arguing that Americans tend to prefer larger, gas-guzzling SUVs and truc
4、ks. Thats not always true: when gas prices were at an all-time high last summer, sales of SUVs were down considerably, while hybrids flew off dealer lots. Since then, prices at the pump have dropped-and so has the appetite for small cars. As long as the price of gas remains volatile(易变的, 动荡不定的), its
5、 far from certain that Americans will buy the more efficient cars and trucks the new standards will require automakers to produce. In the long run, though, a gas tax that puts a floor on fuel prices may be the only way to break Americas SUV addiction. But Obama has said hes not interested. “You need
6、 a price signal. Regulations alone wont do it,“ says Lester Lave, director of the Carnegie Mellon Green Design Initiative.Americans appetite for SUVs dropped when A. gas prices hit new high last summer. B. hybrids were out of stock last summer. C. the government set limits on fuel price last summer.
7、 D. the gas price remained fluctuing last summer.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.3.After a generation of non-fault divorce in America, law-makers in some states are being asked to make it harder to end a marriage when one spouse does not want to call it off. Proposals in several states to make contested divorces h
8、arder to obtain are supported by conservative groups seeking to promote their concept of family values. These proposals would go back, in contested divorces cases, the old requirement that one spouse should show the other was “at-fault“, such as being unfaithful, abusive, a drug user or someone who
9、deserts the marriage. That would be a big shift from current divorce laws.No-fault divorce law has been enacted throughout America since California put the first one on the books in 1970. Under such laws, someone can get a divorce on grounds that the marriage has broken down without having to claim
10、wrongdoing by the other spouse. No-fault divorces can be obtained even if one spouse does not agree to dissolve the marriage.No-fault divorce law first came into practice in A. a state in the west. B. a state in the upper mid-west. C. a state in the east. D. a state in the nort（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.4.Thi
11、s is not only an American problem, but a global one. The energy demand is driven by population growth especially in developing countries, in places that have emerging middle classes. Their focus is now on growth and on providing lifestyle and energy to their population. Its not environment. But they
12、ll have to focus on it and do something about it.Developing countries focus on all the following EXCEPT A. economic growth. B. providing lifestyles to people. C. providing energy to people. D. protecting the environment.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.5.Two major findings have emerged from these researches. Firstl
13、y, the greater part of the development of observed intelligence occurs in the earliest years of life. It is estimated that 50 percent of measurable intelligence at age 17 is already predictable by the age of four. Secondly, the most important factors in the environment are language and psychological
14、 aspects of the parent-child relationship. Much of the difference in measured intelligence between “privileged“ and “disadvantaged“ children may be due to the latters lack of appropriate verbal stimulation and the poverty of their perceptual experiences.The paragraph mainly talks about A. observed i
15、ntelligence occurs in the earliest years of life. B. the importance of language and psychological aspects of the parent-child relationship. C. the two major findings from the recent researches on intelligence. D. lack of appropriate verbal stimulation leads to childrens disadvantage in intelligenc（分
16、数：3.00）A.B.C.D.6.With regular exercise, the body builds up its levels of BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), and the brains nerve cells start to branch out, join together and communicate with each other in new ways. This is. the process that underlies learning: every change in the junctions be
17、tween brain cells signifies a new fact or skill thats been picked up and stowed away for future use. BDNF makes that process possible. Brains with more of it have a greater capacity for knowledge. On the other hand, says UCLA neuroscientist Fernando Gmez-Pinilla, a brain thats low on BDNF shuts itse
18、lf off to new information,What will happen if a person has a brain thats low on BDNF? A. He will be able to learn many new skills. B. He will forget all the information stored in his brain. C. He will be able to learn things quickly. D. He will not pick up new information quickly.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.7.
19、Unfortunately, the new swine flu virus can be transmitted between humans. It is not clear yet how easily it is transmitted, nor how it is transmitted. Almost surely it is transmitted by sneezing and coughing, and by skin-to-skin contact with an infected person.How is the swine flu virus transmitted
20、according to the passage? A. It is very easily transmitted from person to person. B. It is not quite sure how it is transmitted yet. C. It is surely transmitted by sneezing or coughing. D. It is surely transmitted by skin-to-skin contact.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.8.In addition to his theory of color, Newton
21、developed a theory of how light travels. This is known as the corpuscular theory of light, meaning that light travels as a series of tiny bits rather than in continuing waves. Newton sent his writings to the Royal Society where they were given to a committee led by Hooke. Since the corpuscular theor
22、y was different from his own theory, Hooke attacked the paper. Soon others started to argue, and Hooke was supported by a scientist from Holland, Chritain Huygens. At one time, Newton was so unhappy with the whole affair that he decided never again to publish any of his work.The bitter argument cont
23、inued over the years that followed. At first, Hooke and Huygens received most of the support. Later, after Newton had changed his mind and let his work on gravity be published, he became so famous that things changed. Now people believed Newton could do nothing wrong, and for a hundred years they fo
24、llowed his theory. Then, in the early part of the 19th century, the experiments of a French scientist, Augustin Fresnel, showed that light could be explained best by a wave theory. So the scientists changed sides again, saying that Newtons ideas had delayed scientific progress for a hundred years.Ne
25、wtons publishing ofhis work on gravity resulted in that A. Newton became the best known scientist. B. his corpuscular theory of light was accepted. C. scientists would believe in Newton only. D. most people have supposed Newton till now.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.9.The first generation of dot-corns burned thr
26、ough cash rapidly because they had to spend a lot of money building and running their businessesmarketing and advertising to get the word out, not to mention software, consultants, and programmers to run online systems and“ analyze theresults. Thanks to Web 2.0, many of these costs have plummeted. M
27、any of the basics are nowessentially free, which means a business built on the infrastructure laid down by the first two generations of Web companies can gain scale on a shoestring budget, all while giving away its products and services for free. Call it Web 2.5.The first generation dot-coms spent a
28、 huge sum of money A. marketing and advertising their products. B. training their employees. C. hiring consults and programmers. D. analyzing the data transmitted onto the we（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.10.The people who are to be happy fix their attention on the conveniences of things, the pleasant pans of con
29、versation, the well-prepared dishes, the goodness of the wines, the fine weather. They enjoy all the cheerful things. Those who are to be unhappy think and speak only of the contrary things. Therefore, they are continually discontented. By their remarks, they sour the pleasure of the society, offend
30、 many people, and make themselves disagreeable everywhere. If this turn of mind were founded in nature, such unhappy persons would be the more to be pities. The tendency to criticize and be disgusted is perhaps taken up originally by imitation. It grows into a habit, unknown to its possessors. The h
31、abit may be strong, but it may be cured when those who have it are convinced of its bad effects on their interests and tastes. I hope this little warning may be of service to them, and help them change this habit.The phrase“ sour the pleasure of society“ most probably means A. having a good taste to
32、 the pleasure of society. B. not being content with the pleasure of society. C. feeling unhappy with the pleasure of society. D. enjoying the pleasure of society.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.11.A municipal management plan for storm-water runoff is mandated by the Clean Water Act. Early this year, Urban Stormwat
33、er Management in the United States, a report commissioned by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), recommended a number of ways to manage runoff, including using structural devices, like the kind AbTech produces. Rink is hoping that his merchandise appeals to budget-strapped municipalities. “Co
34、mpared with building new storm-water treatment plants or upgrading already existing facilities to handle runoff pollution, which would cost in the millions of dollars, our products are very affordable,“ he says. The federal stimulus bill could make them even more so.AbTech products are A. structural
35、 devices. B. the best solution to run off. C. appealing to budget-strapped municipalities. D. costly.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.12.How sleep helps us consolidate memories is still largely a mystery. A recent study from the University of Lbeck, in Germany, offers one clue. Subjects were given a list of 46 word
36、 pairs to memorize, just before sleep. Then when they reached the deepest stages of sleep, electrical currents were sent through electrodes on their heads to induce very slow brain waves. Such slow waves were induced at random in the brains of one group of subjects, but not another.The next morning,
37、 the slow-wave group had better recall of the words. Other types of memory were not improved, and inducing the slow waves later in the night did not have the same effect. Why and how the slow waves improved memory is not yet understood, but they are thought to alter the strengths of chemical connect
38、ions, or synapses, between specific pairs of nerve cells in the brain. Memories are “stored“ in these synapses: changing the strength of the synapses increases the strength of the memories they store.Slow waves functioned in the subjects brains in the experiment when A. they were given a list of wor
39、ds before sleep. B. they reached the deepest stages of sleep. C. they were connected to electrical currents. D. they were asked to recall the words the next mornin（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.13.Lunge cancer, hypertension, heart disease, birth defectswe are all too familiar with the danger of smoking. But add t
40、o that list a frightening new concern. Mental illness. According to some controversial new findings, if smoking does not kill you, it may, quite literally, drive you to despair.The tobacco industry openly pushes its product as something to lift your mood and soothe anxiety. But the short-term feel-g
41、ood effect may mask the truth :that smoking may women or even trigger anxiety disorders, panic attacks and depression ,perhaps even schizophrenia (精神分裂症)What is the main idea of the two paragraphs? A. Smoking causes great dangers to the body. B. Smoking is a good way to soothe anxiety. C. Smoking pr
42、obably leads to mental illness. D. Smoking does not kill smokers.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.14.The mathematical model recommended by Britains National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by
43、the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers.The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is “not very significant“ compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. The Valencia programme, they sa
44、y, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened.The model recommended by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation would probably cause _ cancers in 100,000 women screened. A. 300 B. 450 C. 36 D. 20（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.15.Cigarettes and mental i
45、llness have always tend to go together. An estimated 1.25 billionpeople smoke worldwide. Yet people who are depressed or anxious are twice as likely to smoke, and up to 88 per cent of those with psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia are smokers. A recent American survey concluded that around hal
46、f of all cigarettes bum in the fingers of those with mental illness.Recent American survey showed that. A. there are 1.25 billion smokers worldwide. B. 88% of people with psychotic disorders are smokers. C. about 625 million smokers have mental problems. D. 2.5 billion people have mental problems wo
47、rldwid（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.16.Until recently, the industry has had little guidance in how to proceed with development without harming wildlife. Regulations are mostly imposed by states or local authorities, whose patchwork guidelines vary from stringent to lax. The Wind Turbine Guidelines Advisory Commi
48、ttee, established in 2007 under the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, is proposing federal recommendations to reduce wind developments effect on wildlife. Composed of wind-industry members, wildlife officials, and federal authorities, the committee will present the recommendations to the secretary of
49、 the interior for review in October. The recommendations are voluntary, but according to David Stout of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the guidelines will be“ unprecedented in terms of companies agreeing to hold themselves to a higher standard.“The Wind Turbine Guidelines Advisory Committee is composed of all the following EXCEPT A. wind-industry members. B. wildlife officials. C. federal authorities. D. David Stout.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.17.The absence of Y2K induced problems has been remarkable.
