1、职称英语理工类 A类-阅读理解及答案解析(总分：93.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、阅读理解(总题数：31，分数：93.00)1.This doesnt mean that wind and solar, which currently provide less than 1 percent of the worlds primary energy, will replace fossil fuels, which provide 82 percent. In fact, while companies like BP and Shell are cutting back on commer
2、cial projects in wind and solar, Big Oil is taking a closer look at how they might be used to increase efficiency internally, or to flee up increasingly profitable fossil fuels, like natural gas, for commercial sale. For example. Valero is building windmills to power refineries, and Chevron is using
3、 solar power to make steam to extract tough-to-reach oil. When you consider that the top 15 oil and gas companies have a market capitalization of $1.9 trillion, its clear that these firms themselves have the potential to be major renewable customers.Big oil is thinking of using wind and solar A. to
4、free up fossil fuels for commercial sale. B. to replace fossil fuels for commercial sale. C. to increase efficiency of fossil fuels use. D. to reduce harm to the environment.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.2.Now, however, armed with brain-scanning tools and a sophisticated understanding of biochemistry, researcher
5、s are realizing that the mental effects of exercise are far more profound and complex than they once thought. The process starts in the muscles. Every time a bicep (二头肌) or quad contracts and releases, it sends out chemicals, including a protein called IGF-1 that travels through the bloodstream, acr
6、oss the blood-brain barrier and into the brain itself. There, IGF-1 takes on the role of foreman(工头, 领班)in the bodys neurotransmitter factory. It issues orders to ramp up production of several chemicals, including one called brain-derived neurotrophic factor, or BDNF. Ratey, author of the upcoming b
7、ook “Spark: The Revolutionary New Science of Exercise and the Brain.“ calls this molecule“ Miracle-Gro for the brain. “It fuels almost all the activities that lead to higher thought.The process of exercise functioning on mind starts A. in the muscles. B. in the bloodstreams. C. in the brain. D. in t
8、he heart.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.3.Cosmos 2251 was an ordinary satellite designed to transmit signals across the vast Russian landmass. Launched in 1993, it would appear every 90 minutes or so over the northern skies, relay electronic blips of information among a network of satellites and ground stations l
9、ike a hockey player passing the puck (冰球运动中当球用的橡胶圆盘), and disappear over the southern horizon.Cosmos was designed to A. play hockey with human players. B. guard the Russian landmass. C. patrol over the Russian sky. D. send information back to stations.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.4.For example, those that had l
10、earned the maze six weeks after the injection had three times as much “activity“ in their stained cells as those mice that learned the maze eight weeks after injection, when the stained cells were fully mature. Cells examined at less than six weeks old at the time of learning did not show as much ac
11、tivity as at six weeks, however. According to Frankland, this suggests that when neurons reach six weeks of age they are specifically recruited to form the brain networks that support new memories.According to Fankland, the example shows that neurons in mices brains are specially recmited When A. th
12、ey are six weeks old. B. they are eight weeks old. C. they are between six and eight weeks old. D. they are less than six weeks ol（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.5.Spindlers team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on half-rations. Three more mice were switched from the normal
13、 diet to half-feed for a month when they were 34 months old-equivalent to about 70 human years.The researchers checked the activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers,and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice. The changes were associated with things like inflammation and free pr
14、oduction-probably bad news for mouse health. In the mice that had dieted all their lives, 27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes. But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 per cent of these gene changes.The resear
15、chers found that _ genes changed with age in the mice that had dieted all their lives. A. 46 B. 27 C. 19 D. 32（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.6.In recent years, backpacks have begun sporting outside pockets that are, not coincidentally, the perfect size for an iPod. Handbags routinely feature cell-phone compartmen
16、ts. And now, from practical to modem, the fashion industry is taking a cue from these gadgets, integrating their technologies into the fabrics rather than merely providing storage for them.From where do fashion designers get the idea of integrating technology into fabrics according to the passage? A
17、. The outside pockets for iPods on backpacks. B. The cell-phone compartments on handbags. C. Costumes from science, fictional thrillers. D. The small gadgets of modem technologies.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.7.The first question is how hest to separate clean elementglass containers, plastics, and some paper an
18、d metal containers that is relatively clean when discarded-from mixed refuse (废料, 垃圾). This clean element is the main target for Britains recyclers. The method of collection is important because manufacturers will not reuse collected material unless it is clean and available in sufficient quantities
19、. A bewildering assortment(混合) of different collection schemes operates in the rest of Europe, and pilot schemes are now under way in many British cities.Recycling is possible only when A. it is monitored by the government. B. different collection schemes operate. C. there is enough clean material.
20、D. there is a small amount of clean material.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.8.Not long ago, most homeowners saw their roofs as simply something to keep the rain out. Now they see them as a source of electricity. Despite the bad economy, or maybe because of it, the rooftop-solar industry is booming, as Americans b
21、ecome increasingly intrigued(引起兴趣) by the idea of turning their roofs into mini power plants and cutting their electric bills. In 2008,33,500 rooftop solar systems were installed in the United States, a 63 percent increase over the amount of capacity installed in 2007. In California, the solar capit
22、al of country, the increase was 95 percent.The paragraph centers on the fact that A. roofs used to be seen as a kind of protection from rain. B. economy in the US is bad at present time. C. roofs can be used as a source of electricity. D. the rooftop-solar industry is developing fast in the US.（分数：3
23、.00）A.B.C.D.9.Founded in 1949, the Fraunhofer Society is now Europes largest organization for applied technology, and has 59 institutes employing 12,000 people. It continues to grow. Last year it swallowed up the Heinrich Hertz institute for Communication Technology in Berlin. Today, there are seven
24、 Fraunhofers in the US and Asi a.The Fraunhofer Society has a history of about _ year(s) till now.A. 60B. 50C. sevenD. one（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.10.The Intemet as the public has known it and used it for the last decade may not be the Interact for the future. The system is getting old and rickety( 快要散架的; 摇
25、摇晃晃的) ,particularly for the volume of commerce it has to accommodate. The prophylactic(预防性的) software that was meant to protect the web is less effective. Like anything else that is used regularly whether it is a ear, a light bulb, or a PC, the Internet is going to have to be patched and upgraded mo
26、re often now. It wont work every hour of every day anymore.The paragraph is intended to tell the reader that A. the Internet is working properly till now. B. the Internet used now has many problems. C. the Intemet has to deal with a lot of data. D. the Internet is well protected by softwar（分数：3.00）A
27、.B.C.D.11.“ The utilities are more interested in protecting their stranglehold on the power grid and preserving their century-old business model than they are producing clean electricity,“ says Jim Harvey, who heads up the Joshua Tree, Calif. based Alliance for Responsible Energy Policy, an advocacy
28、 group thats staunchly opposed to utility-generated solar power. Harvey actually believes that the countrys entire renewable portfolio can be achieved through rooftop solar alone. That may be possible from a sheer megawatts perspective, but from a practical standpoint, its way over ambitious. With n
29、o centralized source, how do you run traffic or street lights? What if it rains for a week? We still dont have foolproof means to store solar power, so for how, distributed generation needs the grid as a backup.What does the author think of Harveys idea of achieving the countrys entire renewable por
30、tfolio through rooftop solar alone? A. It is possible. B. It is not practical. C. It is out of question. D. It takes time to se（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.12.Right now, the climate scientists feel that if all humans shut off carbon emissions today, it will still glide up by about 1 degree centigrade: In the bu
31、siness, as-usual scenarios, Nicholas Stem says theres a 50 percent chance we may go to 5 degrees centigrade. We know what the Earth was like 5 or 6 degrees centigrade colder. That was called the Ice Ages. Imagine a world 5 degrees warmer. The desert lines would be dramatically changed. The West is p
32、rojected to be in drought conditions. And certain tipping points might be triggered. We can adapt to 1 or 2 degrees. More than that, there is no adaptation strategy.What would happen if the temperature went five degrees up? A. We would return to the Ice Ages. B. There would be more humid areas. C. T
33、he climate would be ary in the West. D. We would adapt to the new climate well.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.13.Although it is made in America, BigBelly is reminiscent(使人想起) of a futuristic Japanese robot. Flashing lights indicate when it is full and needs to be emptied. Many are wireless. enabled, which effecti
34、vely turns them into Twitterersthey transmit brief text messages to a centralized Web site to let owners know when compactors are full. Like many smart green products, theyre not cheapand theyre much more expensive than the dumb product theyre hoping to dislodge. It costs about $ 80 a month to lease
35、(长期租用) a BigBelly, or from $ 3,000 to $ 3,900 to purchase one, though those buying in bulk get a discount.How can BigBelly let his owner know that the compactor is full? A. By sending text messages to a centralized website. B. By turning on the flash-lights connected to the compactor. C. By sending
36、a robot to remind the owner. D. By sending messages through Twitterers.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.14.Mint. com has benefited from a cultural shift as well as a tectmological one. During the free-spending housing bubble, a Web site that encouraged people to manage spending, comparison, shop, and save was defin
37、itely out of step with the prevailing mood. But once the financial and housing markets tanked and the nation“ went into recession, the zeitgeist (时代精神) shifted. Shrinking top lines have caused people to focus on the bottom line, and the savings rate has spiked. Third homes and luxury goods are out;
38、coupons (优惠券) and growing your own vegetables are in. Saving is the new borrowing. Thus considered, Mint. corn, which launched in September 2007, timed the market perfectly. It hit the Web at a time when more Americans suddenly had the time, inclination, and motivation to manage their financial affa
39、irs more prudently. And it gave them a way to do it without having to spend a dime.What is the main reason that mint. com is successful? A. it offers free service. B. It came into the market at a perfect time. C. It meets peoples expectations of websites. D. It catered to peoples interest in plantin
40、g vegetables.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.15.In Western Europe or the US, you only have to turn on the tap and youll see a jet of cold water, ready to drink, cook and bathe in. or wash the car. Turn on the tap in Karachi and youll be lucky to fill a few buckets. Until 1947, the city was part of British India, w
41、hose engineers built and maintained a modest water supply network for the citys 500,000 inhabitants. Today, Karachi is home to around 12 million people. Half of them live in slum townships ,with little or no water through the mains. Even the“ rich“ half usually have to wait days before anything tric
42、kles through their pipes. And the coloured liquid that finally emerges is usually too contaminated to drink,There are about _ people living in Karachi slum townships. A. 500,000 B. 12,000,000 C. 250,000 D. 6,000,000（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.16.The“ smart grid“ is a catchall phrase for the power grid of the f
43、uture, with various test projects underway in Colorado, Massachusetts, New York, Illinois, and Hawaii. The idea is to make a system that will stop power surges from causing blackouts: It would create more energy, efficient power lines to carry electricity longer distances without losing voltage (cur
44、rent grids lose about 8 percent of power over distance). It would incorporate wind and solar energy into existing power grids. And it would let customers monitor the electricity they use in their homes, paying less for power consumed in off-hours.All the following words can be used to describe the “
45、smart grid“, EXCEPT A. more efficient. B. greener. C. consumer-friendly. D. cheaper.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.17.Sleep also seems to be the time when the brains two memory systemsthe hippocampus(海马体) and the neocortex (新皮质)“talk“ with one other. Experiences that become memories are laid down first in the hip
46、pocampus, eliminating whatever is underneath. If a memory is to be retained, it must be shipped from the hippocampus to a place where it will endurethe neocortex, the wrinkled outer layer of the brain where higher thinking takes place. Unlike the hippocampus, the neocortex is a master at weaving the
47、 old with the new. And partly because it keeps incoming information at bay, sleep is the best time for the“ undistracted“ hippocampus to shuttle memories to the neocortex, and for the neocortex to link them to related memories.How can a piece of information become enduring memory in the brain? A. It
48、 must first go to the hippocampus for processing. B. It must be transferred to the neocoretex. C. It must eliminate the memory underneath it. D. It must be captured during the time of sleep.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.18.Cars have traditionally been wasteful beasts. Every time a drop of gas explodes inside a c
49、ylinder(气缸), the energy gets passed along from the piston(活塞) to the crankshaft(曲轴), flywheel(飞轮), gearbox, drivetrain, and axles(轮轴). By the time the wheels actually turn, four fifths of the original energy has disappeared. The electric car goes a long way toward reducing wasted energy by replacing the internal-combustion engine with batteries. Even so, electric cars destroy about 60 percent of the energy because mechanical parts are still used to deliver energy from the bakeries
