1、职称英语卫生类 B 级-31 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、第 1 部分：词汇选项(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.Over six million citizens of the United States benefit from private pension plans each year. A. unauthorized B. confidential C. nontransferable D. non-governmental（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.2.The widespread use of X-rays poses the risk
2、of overexposure to radiation. A. medical B. spacious C. experimental D. general（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.3.The government has launched a massive campaign against crimes in the big cities. A. proposed B. decided C. begun D. studied（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.4.It is very considerate of you to remember my birthday. A. th
3、oughtful B. considerable C. careful D. concerned（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.5.Her death was a great grief to him and I doubt if he ever recovered afterwards. A. got by B. got through C. got on D. got off（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.6.My life is more precious to me than my property. A. valuable B. profitable C. dear D. nob
4、le（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.7.The polar lights, one of the most unusual phenomena in nature, is beautiful to behold. A. view B. relate C. sketch D. withhold（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.8.A supernova (超新星) is a star that explodes and then slowly fades to less than its original brightness. A. size B. weight C. radiance D.
5、 importance（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.9.She could fix the machine without referring to the instructions. A. understanding B. observing C. consulting D. obtaining（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.10.I didnt have much confidence in my talent as an actor. A. wisdom B. gift C. performance D. show（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.11.Since the 1950
6、s, literary critics have attempted to answer the question: When did childrens literature first emerge as a distinct literary genre? A. improve B. appear C. conform D. respond（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.12.I was amazed at the beauty of the mountain when I reached the top. A. excited B. astonished C. happy D. sh
7、ocked（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.13.His success in work has tempted many to try this new method. A. attracted B. called C. inspired D. implied（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.14.He made a great show of reluctance, but finally accepted my offer. A. emotion B. unwillingness C. anger D. postpone（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.15.Revolutionary
8、developments in Chinas astronomy took place in the 1960s. A. commenced B. occurred C. were disputed D. were exchanged（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.二、第 2 部分：阅读判断(总题数：1，分数：7.00)TV Games ShowsOne of the most fascinating things about television is the size of the audience. A novel can be on the “best sellers“ list w
9、ith a sale of fewer than 100,000 copies, but a popular TV show might have 70 million TV viewers. TV can make anything or anyone well known overnight.This is the principle behind “quiz“ or “game“ shows, which put ordinary people on TV to play a game for the prize and money. A quiz show can make anyon
10、e a star, and it can give away thousands of dollars just for fun. But all of this money can create problems. For instance, in the 1950s, quiz shows were very popular in the U.S. and almost everyone watched them. Charles Van Doren, an English instructor, became rich and famous after winning money on
11、several shows. He even had a career as a television personality. But one of the losers proved that Charles Van Doren was cheating. It turned out that the shows producers, who were pulling the strings, gave the answers to the most popular contestants beforehand. Why? Because if the audience didnt lik
12、e the person who won the game, they turned the show off. Based on his story, a movie under the title “ Quiz Show“ is on 40 years later.Charles Van Doren is no longer involved with TV. But game shows are still here, though they arent taken as seriously. In fact, some of them try to be as ridiculous a
13、s possible. There are shows that send strangers on vacation trips together, or that try to cause newly-married couples to fight on TV, or that punish losers by humiliating them. The entertainment now is to see what people will do just to be on TV. People still win money, but the real prize is to be
14、in front of an audience of millions.（分数：7.00）(1).TV can make a beggar world-famous overnight.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(2).The principle behind “quiz“ or “game“ shows is to put ordinary people on TV to play a game for prizes and money.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(3).Prizes and
15、money are usually provided by TV stars and large companies for winners.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(4).One of the TV personalities, Charles Van Doren was proved to be cheating by persuading the Shows producers to give him the answers beforehand.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(5).The
16、 huge scandal of cheating in TV games shows was not exposed until 40 years later in the movie “Quiz Show“.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(6).Nowadays game shows are not treated as seriously as they used to be.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(7).Winners of present-day TV shows no longer
17、get money from the shows.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned三、第 3 部分：概括大意与完成句子(总题数：2，分数：8.00)Blasts from the Past1 Volcanoes were more destructive in ancient history. Not because they were bigger, but because the carbon they released wiped out life with greater ease.2 Paul Wignall from the Univer
18、sity of Leeds was investigating the link between volcanic eruptions and mass extinctions. Not all volcanic eruptions killed off large numbers of animals, but all the mass extinctions over the past 300 million years coincided with huge formations of volcanic rock. To his surprise, the older the massi
19、ve volcanic eruptions were, the more damage they seemed to do.3 Wignall calculated the “killing efficiency“ for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced. He found that size for size, older ruptions were at least 10 times as effect
20、ive at wiping out life as their more recent rivals.4 The Permian extinction, for example, which happened 250 million years ago, is marked by floods of volcanic rock in. Siberia that cover an area roughly the size of western Europe, Those volcanoes are thought to have pumped out about 10 rigatonis of
21、 carbon as carbon dioxide, The global waning that followed wiped out 8 per cent of all marine genera at the time, and it took 5 million years far tire planet to recover.5 Yet 60 million years ago in the late Paleocene there was another huge amount of volcanic activity and global-warming but no mass
22、extinction. Some animals did disappear but things returned to normal within ten thousands of years, “The most recent ones hardly have an effect at all,“ Wignall says. He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous, 65 million years ago, because many scientists b
23、elieve it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid.6 Wignall thinks that older volcanoes had more killing power because more recent life forms were better adapted to dealing with increased levels of CO2 Ocean chemistry may also have played a role. As the super continents broke up and expose
24、d more coastline there may have been more weathering of silica rocks. This would have encouraged the growth of phytoplankton in the oceans, increasing the amount of CO2 absorbed from the atmosphere.7 Vincent Courtillot, director of the Paris Geophysical Institute in France, says that Wignalls idea i
25、s provocative. But he says it is incredibly hard to do these sorts of calculations. He points out that the killing power of volcanic eruptions depends on how long they fasted. And it is impossible to tell whether the huge blasts lasted for thousands or millions of years.8 Courtillot also adds that i
26、t is difficult to estimate how much lava prehistoric Volcanoes produced, and that lava volume may not necessarily correspond to carbon dioxide or sculpture dioxide emissions. A. Killing Power of Ancient Volcanic Eruptions B. Association of Mass Extinction with Volcanic Eruption C. Calculation of the
27、 Killing Power of Older Eruptions D. A Mass Extinction E. Volcanic Eruptions That Caused No Mass Extinction F. Accounting for the Killing Power of Older Eruptions（分数：4.00）(1).Paragraph 2_（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).Paragraph 3_（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).Paragraph 4_（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).Paragraph 5_（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_
28、A. than more recent ones B. the killing efficiency for older eruptions C. has remained controversial D. Wignalls calculations as acceptable E. has been mown to us all F. his ideas（分数：4.00）(1).Older eruptions were more devastating 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).The Permian extinction is used to illustrate 1.（
29、分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).The cause of the extinction of dinosaurs 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).Courtillot rejects 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_四、第 4 部分：阅读理解(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、第一篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Human Heart Can Make New CellsSolving a longstanding mystery, scientists have found that the human heart continues to generate new c
30、ardiac cells throughout the life span, although the rate of new cell production slows with age.The finding, published in the April 3 issue of Science, could open a new path for the treatment of heart diseases such as heart failure and heart attack, experts say.“We find that the beating cells in the
31、heart, cardiomyocytes, are renewed,“ said lead researcher Dr. Jonas Frisen, a professor of stem cell research at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden. “It has previously not been known whether we were limited to the cardiomyocytes we are born with or if they could be renewed,“ he said.The p
32、rocess of renewing these cells changes over time, Frisen added. In a 20-year-old, about 1 percent of cardiomyocytes are exchanged each year, but the turnover rate decreases with age to only 0.45 percent by age 75.“If we can understand how the generation of new cardiomyocytes is regulated, it may be
33、potentially possible to develop pharmaceuticals that promote this process to stimulate regeneration after for example, a heart attack, “Frisen said.That could lead to treatment that helps restore damaged hearts.“A lot of people suffer from chronic heart failure,“ noted co-author Dr. Ratan Bhardwaj.R
34、atan Bhardwaj, also from the Karolinska Institute. “Chronic heart failure arises from heart cells dying,“ he said.With this finding, scientists are “opening the door to potential therapies to having ourselves heal ourselves,“ Bhardwaj said. “Maybe one could devise a pharmaceutical agent that would m
35、ake heart cells make new and more cells to overcome the problem they are facing.“But barriers remain. According to Bhardwaj, scientists do not yet know how to increase heart cell production to a rate that would replace cells faster than they are dying off, especially in older patients with heart fai
36、lure. In addition, the number of new cells the heart produces was estimated using healthy hearts-whether the rate of cell turnover in diseased hearts is the same remains unknown.（分数：15.00）(1).The human heart stops producing cardiac cells_.（分数：3.00）A.when a person becomes oldB.as soon as a person get
37、s sickC.immediately after a person is bornD.once a person dies(2).The finding could prove to be useful to_.（分数：3.00）A.the analysis of cardiac cellsB.the prevention of chronic diseasesC.the treatment of heart diseaseD.the study of longstanding mysteries(3).In people in their mid-70s, only 0.45 percen
38、t of cardiomyocytes_.（分数：3.00）A.are still functionalB.are reduced each yearC.are replaced each yearD.are damaged each year(4).Chronic heart failure is attributed to_.（分数：3.00）A.the dying heart cellsB.the effect of pharmceuticalC.the weight of a patientD.the life span of a person(5).It is not known y
39、et if the rate of cell turnover in diseased hearts_.（分数：3.00）A.s high enough to replace cells faster than theyre dying offB.is of any use to researchersC.is the same as that in healthy heartsD.changes over time六、第二篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)The Only Way Is UpThink of a modem city and the first image that come
40、 to mind is the skyline. It is full of great buildings, pointing like fingers to heaven. It is true that some cities dont permit buildings to go above a certain height. But these are cities concerned with the past. The first thing any city does when it wants to tell the world that it has arrived is
41、to build skyscrapers.When people gather together in cities, they create a demand for land since cities are places where money is made, that demand can be met. And the best way to make money out of city land is to put as many people as possible in a space that covers the smallest amount of ground tha
42、t means building upwards.The technology existed to do this as early as the 19th century. But the height of buildings was limited by one important factor. They had to be small enough for people on the top floors to climb stairs. People could not be expected to climb a mountain at the end of their jou
43、rney to work, or home.Elisha Otis, a US inventor, was the man who brought us the lift or elevator, as he preferred to call it. However, most of the technology is very old lifts work using the same pulley system the Egyptians used to create the Pyramids. What Otis did was attach the system to a steam
44、 engine and develop the elevator brake, which stops the lift falling if the cords that hold it up are broken. It was this that did the most to gain public confidence in the new invention. In fact, he spent a number of years exhibiting lifts at fairgrounds, giving people the chance to try them out be
45、fore selling the idea to architects and builders.A lift would not be a very good theme park attraction now. Going in a lift is such an everyday thing that it would just be boring. Yet psychologists and others who study human behavior find lifts fascinating. The reason is simple. Scientists have alwa
46、ys studied animals in zoos. The nearest they can get to that with humans is in observing them in lifts.“It breaks all the usual conventions about the bubble of personal space we carry around with us and you just cant choose to move away,“ says workplace psychologist, Gary Fitzgibbon. Being trapped i
47、n this setting can create different types of tensions, he says. Some people are scared of them. Others use them as an opportunity to get close to the boss. Some stand close to the door. Others hide in the comers. Most people try and shrink into the background but some behave in a way that makes othe
48、rs notice them. There are a few people who just stand in a comer taking notes.Dont worry about them. They are probably from a university.（分数：15.00）(1).“.these are cities concerned with the past“ in the first paragraph refer to cities that_.（分数：3.00）A.are worried about their pastB.have a glorious pas
49、t to be proud ofC.want to maintain their traditional imageD.are very interested in their own history(2).The difficulty in constructing tall buildings in the 19th century lies in_.（分数：3.00）A.the shortage of moneyB.the lack of a device to carry people upwardC.backward technologyD.mountains taking up land space(3).When Otis
