1、职称英语卫生类 B 级-21 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、B第 1 部分：词汇选项/B(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.There is a fundamental difference between the two ministers and their aims.（分数：1.00）A.obviousB.basicC.completeD.inevitable2.Latin might once have been claimed as the most suitable of possible international language.（分数：1.00
2、）A.acclaimedB.exclaimedC.allegedD.cancelled3.If a child is left alone, hell lose his zest for life and his desire to find out new things for himself.（分数：1.00）A.courageB.directionC.confidenceD.interest4.You are not supposed to abandon your car on the motorway.（分数：1.00）A.castB.examineC.bundleD.desert5
3、.All the changes that have overtaken Shetland recently.（分数：1.00）A.happened unexpectedlyB.changed quicklyC.prevented unexpectedlyD.caught up with6.Dont get slack at you work.（分数：1.00）A.lazy and carelessB.tiresome or boredC.depressedD.diligent7.The dentist has decided to pull out her bad tooth.（分数：1.0
4、0）A.repairB.extractC.takeD.dig8.The National Committee was composed of 22 manual workers and white-collar workers.（分数：1.00）A.was made upB.consisted ofC.was full ofD.instead of9.Financial consultants acknowledge that the value of common stock is inherently changeable.（分数：1.00）A.relativelyB.intrinsica
5、llyC.sporadicallyD.incrementally10.Many pure metals have little use because they are too soft, rust too easily, or have some other drawback.（分数：1.00）A.propertyB.additiveC.disadvantageD.disparity11.I spent ages trying to fix it, but gave up in despair.（分数：1.00）A.hopelesslyB.destructivelyC.despiteD.at
6、 last12.When replying to this advertisement, please enclose a stamped addressed envelope.（分数：1.00）A.put insideB.surroundC.close inD.close around13.Foreign money can be converted into the local currency at this bank.（分数：1.00）A.alteredB.boughtC.changedD.sold14.Stop clambering over my sisters furniture
7、.（分数：1.00）A.paintingB.climbingC.coveringD.hitting15.Adolescence tends to be the most important for ones world outlook.（分数：1.00）A.the growing period after childhoodB.the period of maturityC.the period of babyhoodD.the period of old age二、B第 2 部分：阅读判断/B(总题数：1，分数：7.00)The prospects for treating cystic f
8、ibrosis by gene therapy are looking brighter following successful tests with a safer type of “shuttle“(短程梭运输工具)for ferrying(运送) replacement genes into a patients lungs. During the tests, a British-led research team inserted healthy copies of the cystic fibrosis(囊性纤维变性) gene into cells lining suffere
9、rs noses with the aid of microscopic droplets(水滴,飞沫) of fat called liposomesOther groups that have attempted to correct the genetic defect that causes cystic fibrosis have used viruses as “vectors“ (媒介) to carry the healthy gene into target cells. Unfortunately, viruses can also cause inflammation i
10、n the lungs, an undesirable side effect in CF patients, whose lungs are already diseased. The new method for introducing corrective genes into the lungs of CF patients promises to be much safer. Cystic fibrosis is caused by defects in a gene called CFTR, which plays a part in the transport of chlori
11、de ions(离子) out of the cells lining the lungs, airways and gut. Defects in this gene mean that patients have difficulty expelling mucus(黏液) and inhaled (吸入) microorganisms from their lungs. As a result, they are very susceptible to lung infections, and usually die at around 30 years old. As an alter
12、native to the viral vector, the researchers, linked loops (环)of DNA containing healthy copied of the CFTR gene to microscopic liposomes. When the liposomes come in contact with a cell, they fuse(融合) with its outer membrane, and release the DNA into the cells interior. To test the system, the team sp
13、rayed the liposomes into the noses of volunteers with cystic fibrosis. “The cells lining the nose are very similar to those lining the lung,“ explains David Porteous of the human genetics group in Edinburgh. But the ceils in the nose are easier to monitor, and the risks are lower if any nasal (鼻的)ce
14、lls are damaged. In the event(结果,到头来), none of the volunteers suffered any unpleasant side effects. And a single spraying partially corrected the cystic fibrosis defect. The researchers assessed the effectiveness of the treatment by measuring the voltage(电压,伏特) across the layer of cells lining the n
15、ose. This voltage is higher in cystic fibrosis sufferers than in healthy people. A single spraying reduced this difference by around 20 per cent. The re-searchers reported that the effect lasted for up to a week. The British researchers have yet to test their spray in the lungs, but are confident th
16、at the liposomes will not cause inflammation. The question, however, is how effective the shuttle system is. In the nose, the researchers had to add more copies of the healthy CFTR gene to match the performance of the adenovirus. This is because adenoviruses carry genes directly to the cell s nucleu
17、s, ensuring that the instructions they carry are read. Genes carried by liposomes are only guaranteed a ride into the cells cytoplasm, and fewer will find their way to the nucleus. Many will be broken down by the cells waste disposal system before they get there. Bob Williamson, who heads the group
18、at St. Marys Hospital, says this will require much more efficient vectors. “People in 10 to 15 years will laugh at the crudity of the liposomes and viruses that were using today, “ he says. The aim is to make customized vectors which combine the best aspects of both systems, and include other geneti
19、c sequences to ensure that the information carried by the healthy CFTR gene is used by the target cells lining the lungs. （分数：7.00）(1).Liposomes were tested as a vector for ferrying replacement genes into the lungs of CF patients.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned(2).Viruses were used
20、 as vectors but caused inflammation in the lungs.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned(3).Cystic fibrosis is caused by a gene called CFTR.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned(4).Chemists might be able to design new immunosuppressive drugs that do the same job with fewer side
21、 effects.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned(5).Cystic fibrosis patients are very susceptible to lung infections and thus die early.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned(6).The researchers have tested their spray in the lungs.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentione
22、d(7).Much more efficient vectors must be found to compensate for the defect completely.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned三、B第 3 部分：概括大意与完成句子(总题数：1，分数：8.00)A hospital is an institution that provides medical services for a community. The doctors, nurses, and other personnel of a hospita
23、l work to restore health to sick and injured people. They also try to prevent disease and maintain health in the community. Some hospitals serve as centers for medical education and research. 2. Most hospitals are short-term hospitals in which the majority of patients stay less than 30 days. Patient
24、s spend an average of 4 to 8 days in a short-term hospital. In long term hospitals, most patients stay more than 30 days. People having their tonsils removed would go to a short-term hospital. Those with severe mental illnesses may stay in a long-term institution because of the time needed to treat
25、their condition. 3. A general hospital provides services for most people and illnesses. A special hospital cares for certain people or certain illnesses. For example, pediatric hospitals treat only children. Rehabilitation hospitals provide services to help people adjust to mental and physical disab
26、ilities. 4. A hospital may perform other services besides treating the sick. Research hospitals conduct medical research. Teaching hospitals educate future physicians, nurses, and laboratory specialists. A teaching hospital may form part of a university medical center, or it may be a general hospita
27、l associated with a medical school. 5. In the professional services department, physicians play an important role and lead a large medical team working for the hospital. The medical team also includes physicians in training. These interns have come from medical schools and work in a hospital for pra
28、ctical experience. The nursing staff forms the largest group on the patient care team. Professional nurses, generally called registered nurses, have graduated from a nursing school. They carry out much of the patients care under the guidance of physicians. They also direct other members of the nursi
29、ng staff, including practical nurses. nurses aides, and nurse attendants. These men and women do many tasks to tree the registered nurses for work requiring their special skills. 6. There are many other important departments in a hospital besides the professional services department. The hospital ph
30、armacy provides medicines that physicians order for patients. The central service department maintains medical supplies. The food service department prepares meals for patients and staff members. The hospital laboratories conduct tests that help doctors diagnose and treat illnesses. The radiology de
31、partment makes X rays to help physicians diagnose diseases and injuries. The medical records department keeps a record on every patient. If former patients return to the hospital, their medical record helps the physician diagnose and treat their illness. The admitting office schedules patients for a
32、dmission at the request of their physician and assigns them to a room. And the business office lists each patients charges, prepares a bill, and records payments received.（分数：8.00）填空项 1:_(2).Paragraph 4. _（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).Paragraph 5. _（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).Paragraph 6. _（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_(6).
33、The doctors, nurses, and other personnel of a hospital treat and cure disease,_.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(7).An intern is a doctor serving as an assistant resident in a hospital, generally just after_.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(8).The departments of hospital laboratories, radiology department and medical records depar
34、tment help physicians_.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_四、B第 4 部分：阅读理解/B(总题数：3，分数：45.00)B第一篇/BSocial anxiety disorder prevents some 15 million Americans from leading normal social and romantic lives, a new survey finds. The disorder leaves many isolated, ashamed and often misdiagnosed. Thirty-six percent of those wi
35、th social anxiety disorder have symptoms for 10 years or more before seeking help, the Anxiety Disorders Association of America reports. “Social anxiety disorder is when somebody has an intense, persistent and irrational fear of social or performance situations, “ Jerilyn Ross, the associations pres
36、ident and CEO, said during a teleconference Wednesday. “The condition causes people to avoid common, everyday situations and even other people for fear of being judged or criticized or humiliated or embarrassing themselves, “ Ross said. Social anxiety disorder can interfere with daily routines and j
37、ob performance, Ross noted. “It also makes it very difficult for people to develop friends and romantic partnerships,“ she said. People with this disorder recognize their fear is excessive and irrational, Ross noted. “But they feel powerless to do anything about it,“ she said. Social anxiety disorde
38、r can start in the early teens, Dr. Mark H. Pollack, director of the Center for Anxiety and Traumatic Stress Disorders and a professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, said during the teleconference. “This is a disorder that starts affecting people early on, “ Pollack said. “The typical age
39、of onset is early adolescence, age 12 or 13, and many individuals report a history of anxiety dating back to earlier childhood.“ The disorder also has physical symptoms, including heart palpitations, feelings that their throat will close up, sweating, blushing, faintness, trembling and stammering, R
40、oss said. Among people with the disorder, 75 percent said the condition affected their ability to do normal activities. In addition, 69 percent said they didnt want people to think they were crazy, and 58 percent said they were embarrassed by their condition, Ross said. However, when the condition i
41、s diagnosed and treated, many reported improvement in their lives. In fact, 59 percent who were receiving treatment said treatment had a positive effect on their ability to have a romantic relationship. In addition, 39 percent who had received treatment said knowing that treatment can be successful
42、aided their decision to get help, Ross noted. （分数：15.00）(1).People with social anxiety disorder are known for their fear of _.（分数：3.00）A.being left aloneB.leading normal livesC.embarrassing other peopleD.facing social or performance situations(2).What do people with social anxiety disorder think of
43、their fear?（分数：3.00）A.They think its beyond their control.B.They think its beneficial.C.They think its controllable.D.They think its justified.(3).Which is NOT true of people with social anxiety disorder?（分数：3.00）A.Theyre often isolated and ashamed.B.They find it difficult to make friends.C.They oft
44、en fail to get timely treatment.D.They tend to judge or criticize other people.(4).The symptoms of social anxiety disorder include all the following EXCEPT_.（分数：3.00）A.heart palpitationsB.sore throatC.sweatingD.blushing(5).It can be seen from the last paragraph that treatment of the disorder_.（分数：3.
45、00）A.has no positive effect at allB.is unavailable to most sufferersC.tends to be refused by the sufferersD.can lead to improvement in the sufferers livesB第二篇/BPain is easier to endure if you know you can end it. Speakers at a session on pain at the British Associations psychology section have new e
46、vidence to support this idea for two common experiences of pain: in childbirth and at the dentists. On the other side of the coin, their inability to control pain may explain why some people with continual pain have psychological problems as well. Dr. J. Robinson found out about the phenomenon of se
47、lf-controlled pain almost by accident. He was studying the effects of analgesics used to control pain during childbirth and as part of the experiment made it possible for women having their child to press a button which gave an automatic injectioninstead of having all injections made by the doctor.
48、Afterwards these women did not say that they had less pain than other women in childbirth, but they did use considerable less of the drug. J. Atkins, a dental surgeon, has observed a similar phenomenon. As part of their efforts to make dentistry painless, Atkins and researchers at Aston University i
49、n Birmingham offered patients a switch they could flip to turn off the dentists drill whenever they chose. But, after trying the switch on 50 patients Atkins gave up; none of the patients had ever flipped the switch. Perhaps the extra endurance was because the Aston team also use other methods to make dentistry painless. Apparently few other den
