1、职称英语卫生类 A级-60 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、第 1部分：词汇选项(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.She has been the subject of massive media coverage._（分数：1.00）A.extensiveB.negativeC.responsiveD.explosive2.In 1816 it seemed inevitable that Southern states would break away from the Union._（分数：1.00）A.strangeB.certainC.inconsist
2、entD.proper3.The old lady let her flat to an English couple._（分数：1.00）A.offeredB.rentedC.providedD.sold4.The workers finally called off the strikes._（分数：1.00）A.put offB.endedC.cancelledD.participated in5.It is very difficult for a child to adhere to rules._（分数：1.00）A.rememberB.followC.understandD.le
3、arn6.I catch a cold now and then ._（分数：1.00）A.alwaysB.occasionallyC.constantlyD.regularly7.We have ample money for the journey._（分数：1.00）A.someB.littleC.enoughD.extra8.The little girl grasped her mother“s hand as she crossed the street._（分数：1.00）A.understoodB.had a hold overC.took hold ofD.left hold
4、 of9.Foreign money can be converted into the local currency at this bank._（分数：1.00）A.alteredB.changedC.boughtD.sold10.The best olive oil is obtained from olives that are harvested just after they ripen._（分数：1.00）A.preservedB.squeezedC.sortedD.gathered11.Do not waste time on insignificant points._（分数
5、：1.00）A.interestingB.dullC.unimportantD.boring12.Civil rights are embodied in the platform._（分数：1.00）A.includedB.excludedC.expressedD.emerged13.As both a religion and a social force, Puritanism has made a widespread influence in the United States._（分数：1.00）A.a far-reachingB.a disturbingC.an annoying
6、D.a favorable14.I am sure to tell you that there“s no danger._（分数：1.00）A.ensureB.assureC.insureD.secure15.She was one of the leading writers in her age._（分数：1.00）A.successfulB.majorC.outstandingD.musical二、第 2部分：阅读判断(总题数：1，分数：7.00)Fermi ProblemOn a Monday morning in July, the world“s first atom bomb
7、exploded in New Mexico desert. Forty seconds later, the shock waves reached the base camp where the Italian-American physicist Enrico Fermi and his team stood. After a mental calculation, Fermi announced to his team that the bomb“s energy had equated 10,000 tons of TNT. The bomb team was impressed,
8、but not surprised. Fermi“s genius was known throughout the scientific world. In 1938 he had won a Nobel Prize. Four years later he produced the first nuclear chain reaction, leading us into the nuclear age. Since Fermi“s death in 1954, no physicist has been at once a master experimentalist(实验师) and
9、a leading theoretician(理论学家). Like all virtuosos(大师), Fermi had a distinctive style. He preferred the most direct route to an answer. He was very good at dividing difficult problems into small, manageable bits talent we all can use in our daily lives. To develop this talent in his students, Fermi wo
10、uld suggest a type of question now known as a Fermi problem. Upon first hearing one of these, you haven“t the remotest notion of the answer, and you feel certain that too little information had been given to solve it. Yet when the problem is broken into sub-problems, each answerable without the help
11、 of experts or books, you can come close to the exact solution. Suppose you want to determine earth“s circumference without looking it up. Everyone knows that New York and Los Angeles are about 3,000 miles apart and that the time difference between them is three hours. Three hours is one-eighth of a
12、 day, and a day is the time it takes the planet to complete one rotation(旋转), so its circumference must be eight times 3,000 or 24,000 miles. This answer differs from the true value, 24902.45 miles, by less than four percent. Ultimately the value of dealing with everyday problems the way Fermi did l
13、ies in the rewards of making independent discoveries and inventions. It doesn“t matter whether the discovery is as important as determining the power of an atom or as small as measuring the distance between New York and Los Angeles. Looking up the answer, or letting someone else find it, deprives yo
14、u of the pleasure and pride that accompany creativity, and deprives you of an experience that builds up self-confidence. Thus, approaching personal dilemmas as Fermi problems can become a habit that enriches your life.（分数：7.00）(1).Fermi“s team was impressed by Fermi“s announcement in the base camp b
15、ecause he could even work out the power of the atom bomb in his mind._（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(2).Fermi, an experimentalist as well as a theoretician, won a Nobel Prize for producing the first nuclear chain reaction in the world._（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(3).Dividing a big
16、 problem into small problems is a talent Fermi had and a talent that has practical value in life._（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(4).Fermi problem is to develop the talent of breaking a seemingly unanswerable problem into subproblems and finding the solution to it, which is a typical Fermi pr
17、oblem._（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(5).Then the fourth paragraph tells us how Fermi solved the problem of earth“s circumference without looking up._（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(6).The last paragraph concludes the whole writing by stressing the value of important inventions and sm
18、all discoveries._（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(7).Fermi was famous for inventing a device to calculate bomb“s energy accurately._（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned三、第 3部分：概括大意与完成句子(总题数：1，分数：8.00)Understanding Autism1 Autism(孤独症) is a life-long developmental disability that prevents indi
19、viduals from properly understanding what they see, hear, and otherwise sense. This results in severe problems of social relationships, communication, and behavior. Individuals with autism have to painstakingly(费力地) learn normal patterns of speech and communication, and appropriate ways to relate to
20、people, objects, and events, in a similar manner to those who have had a stroke. 2 The cause of autism is still unknown. Some research suggests a physical problem affecting those parts of the brain that process language and information coming in from the senses. There may be some imbalance of certai
21、n chemicals in the brain. Genetic(遗传的) factors may some times be involved. Autism may indeed result from a combination of several “causes“. 3 Most people with mental retardation(智力迟钝) show relatively even skill development. Individuals with autism, however, typically show uneven skill development, w
22、ith deficits(欠缺) in certain areasmost frequently in their ability to communicate and relate to others and distinct skills in other areas. It is important to distinguish autism from mental retardation or other disorders, since diagnostic(诊断的) confusion may lead to inappropriate and ineffective treatm
23、ent techniques. 4 In general, individuals with autism perform best at jobs which are structured and involve a degree of repetition. Some people who have autism are working as artists, piano tuners, painters, farm workers, office workers, computer operators, dishwashers, assembly line workers, or emp
24、loyees of sheltered workshops or other sheltered work settings.（分数：8.00）(1).Paragraph 1 1 A. What causes autism? B. How common is autism? C. Does autism occur together with other disabilities? D. What is the difference between autism and mental retardation? E. What is autism? F. What kinds of jobs c
25、an individuals with autism do?（分数：1.00）(2).Paragraph 2 1（分数：1.00）(3).Paragraph 3 1（分数：1.00）(4).Paragraph 4 1（分数：1.00）(5).Individuals with autism are particularly weak at 1. A. different techniques B. social relationships and communication C. language and information D. several causes working togethe
26、r E. a degree of repetition F. skill development（分数：1.00）(6).It is possible that autism happens as a result of 1.（分数：1.00）(7).Autism and mental retardation should be treated with 1.（分数：1.00）(8).A typical feature of people with autism is their uneven 1.（分数：1.00）四、第 4部分：阅读理解(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、第一篇(总题数：1，
27、分数：15.00)Adaptation of Living ThingsCertain animals and plants develop characteristics that help them cope with their environment better than others of their kind. This natural biological process is called adaptation. Among the superior characteristics developed through adaptation are those that may
28、 help in getting food or shelter, in providing protection, and in producing and protecting the young. That results in the evolution of more and more organisms(生物体) that are better fitted to their environments. Each living thing is adapted to its way of life in a general way, but each is adapted espe
29、cially to its own distinct class. A plant, for example, depends upon its roots to fix itself firmly and to absorb water and inorganic chemicals(无机物). It depends upon its green leaves for using the sun“s energy to make food from inorganic chemicals. These are general adaptations, common to most plant
30、s. In addition, there are special adaptations that only certain kinds of plants have. Many animals have adaptations that help them escape from their enemies. Some are hidden by their body color or shape, and many look like a leaf or a little branch. The coats of deer are colored to mix with the surr
31、oundings. Many animals have the ability to remain completely still when an enemy is near. Organisms have a great variety of ways of adapting. They may adapt in their structure, function, and genetics; in their development and production of the young; and in other respects. An organism may create its
32、 own environment, as do warm-blooded mammals(哺乳动物), which have the ability to adjust body heat exactly to maintain their ideal temperature despite changing weather. Usually adaptations are an advantage, but sometimes an organism is so well adapted to a particular environment that if conditions chang
33、e, it finds it difficult or impossible to readapt to the new conditions.（分数：15.00）(1).Some plants and animals develop superior characteristics so that they may_.（分数：3.00）A.help others of their kind get food, shelter and other things neededB.survive even in extremely severe conditionsC.become better
34、adapted to the environments than others of their kindD.result in the evolution and production of more intelligent organisms(2).In the first paragraph, the word “environments“ could best be replaced by_.（分数：3.00）A.contextsB.surroundingsC.neighborsD.enemies(3).It can be inferred from this passage that
35、 the feathers of a bird are colored_.（分数：3.00）A.to frightened its enemiesB.to attract its enemiesC.to adjust its body heatD.to match its environment(4).Which of the following is NOT directly mentioned in the passage?（分数：3.00）A.A living thing may adapt in its structure.B.An organism may adapt in its
36、function.C.A living creature may adapt in its genetic makeup.D.A living organism may adapt in its sleeping habit.(5).The author cites the behavior of warm-blooded mammals in order to illustrate that a living thing may have the ability_.（分数：3.00）A.to create an environment of its ownB.to remain still
37、when an enemy is near.C.to make food from its inorganic chemicalsD.to change the color of its skin.六、第二篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Listening to BirdsongA male zebra finch chirps away to himself. Suddenly he notices a female bird nearby. He realizes he has an audience and immediately changes his song. Can the f
38、emale tell the difference in his performance? According to a new study, the female zebra finch knows. And she prefers the special trills he creates when he sings to her. A male zebra finch changes his song when singing to a female in ways that people can barely detect. But the female finch can tell
39、the difference. Scientists had noticed slight variations in the songs of male zebra finches based on whether they were singing alone or whether there was a female (and potential mate) nearby. With an audience, the males sped up the pace of their songs and controlled the notes they used. For this stu
40、dy, researchers Sarah C. Woolley and Allison Doupe at the University of California, San Francisco decided to focus attention on the listening females, which have not been well studied in the past. In the study, Woolley and Doupe set up, a long cage with a sound speaker at each end. One broadcast the
41、 sound of a male zebra finch singing to himself, like someone singing in the shower. The other speaker broadcast a male performing for a female audience, as if he was giving a concert. Female birds were placed between the two speakers. Some of the birds had mates. Others didn“t. The females shifted
42、around a bit, and then most of them hopped over to sit beside just one speaker. All the birds that made a clear choice liked songs meant for a female audience, even if they“d never met the male. Mated females also had a chance to listen to two different performance songs, one from an unknown male, a
43、nd one from their mate. They spent more time listening to the concert version of their mates“ songs. This suggests that after a while, females learn to recognizeand preferthe songs of their mates. Scientists then studied the brains of the females. They found certain areas of the brain perked up when
44、 the birds listened to the concert songs. These brain areas may be involved in recognizing and evaluating the songs, and storing the memories of them. This research deals with what“s called directed communication, when the communicator, or sender, focuses the message for a specific audience. One exa
45、mple is the way moms speak to their babies. Mothers around the world use the same sort of high-pitched sing-song chatter, and the babies respond best to those sounds. Songbirds are one of the only other species known to learn their communication, in this case their songs.（分数：15.00）(1).What does the
46、first paragraph say about zebra finches?（分数：3.00）A.Male zebra finches like to sing to female zebra finches.B.Male zebra finches sing louder than female zebra finches.C.Male zebra finches change their songs in female zebra finches“ presence.D.Male zebra finches like to listen to female zebra finches
47、sing.(2).What did the researchers find in their study of female zebra finches?（分数：3.00）A.Female finches liked songs male finches sang for them.B.Female finches only liked songs male finches sang for their mates.C.Female finches liked to listen to songs from both speakers.D.Female finches chose the b
48、est male singers as their mates.(3).What is meant by “concert songs“ in the seventh paragraph?（分数：3.00）A.Songs sung by zebra finches at a concert.B.Songs sung by male finches for female finches.C.Songs sung by female finches for male finches.D.Songs sung by male finches to many female finches.(4).Wh
49、at is NOT true of directed communication?（分数：3.00）A.The sender of a message has a specific audience.B.Male zebra finches sing to female finches.C.Mothers talk to their babies.D.Male zebra finches sing to themselves.(5).Which of the following can best reflect the theme of the passage?（分数：3.00）A.Chirping away.B.Birdsongs as communication.C.Zebra finches and their life.D.Enjoying birdsongs.七、第三篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Eating Potatoes Gives Your Immune System a BoostEating p
