1、职称英语卫生类 A级-59 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、第 1部分：词汇选项(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.Keys should never be hidden around the house since thieves anytime know where to look.（分数：1.00）A.virtuallyB.variouslyC.unavoidablyD.invariably2.Her speciality is heart surgery.（分数：1.00）A.regionB.siteC.fieldD.platform3.Kate“s amb
2、ition to become a nurse arose from a desire to help others.（分数：1.00）A.promptedB.promotedC.programmedD.proceeded4.Driving a car without insurance can have disastrous consequences.（分数：1.00）A.uncertainB.destructiveC.potentialD.unworthy5.Neither of them thought highly of him and they both tried to hampe
3、r him in his work.（分数：1.00）A.hinderB.supportC.assistD.encourage6.The police refused to disclose the clues they were working on.（分数：1.00）A.exhibitB.uncoverC.exposeD.discern7.There is an abundant supply of cheap labor in this country.（分数：1.00）A.a steadyB.a plentifulC.an extraD.a stable8.The once barre
4、n hillsides are now good farmland.（分数：1.00）A.hairlessB.bareC.emptyD.bald9.The reference she made to her friend, the poet, was interesting but too obscure for anyone to appreciate.（分数：1.00）A.drasticB.dullC.tenebrousD.distinct10.The dentist has decided to take out the girl“s bad tooth.（分数：1.00）A.digB.
5、drawC.pullD.extract11.It is postulated that a cure for the disease will have been found by the year 2000.（分数：1.00）A.challengedB.assumedC.deductedD.decreed12.12 You should have blended the butter with the sugar thoroughly.（分数：1.00）A.spreadB.mixedC.beatenD.covered13.The news will horrify everyone.（分数：
6、1.00）A.attractB.terrifyC.temptD.excite14.With immense relief, I stopped running.（分数：1.00）A.someB.enormousC.littleD.extensive15.Canada will prohibit smoking in all offices later this year.（分数：1.00）A.banB.removeC.eliminateD.expel二、第 2部分：阅读判断(总题数：1，分数：7.00)Stem Cell Therapy May Help Repair the HeartAcc
7、ording to scientists in the USA, stem cell therapy may one day be able to repair the hearts of people with heart failure. Researchers at Pittsburgh University School of Medicine examined 20 patients who had severe heart failure and were going to have surgery. They injected stem cells into the parts
8、of their hearts that were damaged. They then compared their hearts with those of people who had undergone surgery without having the stem cells injected into them (they had also suffered from severe heart failure). The patients who had had the stem cells injected had hearts that were able to pump (用
9、泵抽取) more blood than the others. According to Professor Robert Kormos, one of the researchers, these results could revolutionize heart treatment. Although previous studies had indicated that there might be a benefit, this is the first study that has actually proved that stem cell therapy can help th
10、e failing heart work better. All the patients in this study had hearts that could not pump blood properly. The scientists measured their ejection fraction (射血分数). It is a measure of heart performance; you measure how much blood is being pumped out by the left ventricle (心室). Healthy people“s ejectio
11、n fraction is about 55%. These patients had ejection fraction of under 35%. They all had by-pass surgery (搭桥手术) performed on them. Some of the patients had stem cells taken from their hip bones and injected into 2530 sites in the damaged heart muscle. Six months later their ejection fraction rate wa
12、s 46.1% while those who just had surgery but no stem cell injections averaged 37.2%. No side effects were reported. Heart failure is a common problem all over the world. In the UK alone about 650,000 people suffer from heart failure every year. As the number of people suffering from heart failure in
13、creases in the world in general these findings are particularly significant. Current treatments relieve the symptoms. This new stem cell therapy actually repairs the damaged muscle in the heart and has the potential of curing the disease.（分数：7.00）(1).The 20 patients had stem cell injections instead
14、of surgery.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(2).The experiment proved to be satisfactory.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(3).The control group patients regretted not having had stem cell injections.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(4).The study actually proved for the first time the
15、benefit of stem cell therapy.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(5).The ejection fraction rate of the patients with stem cell injections decreased.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(6).Heart failure is more common in the UK than anywhere else in the world.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentione
16、d(7).Stem cell therapy seems to have great prospects.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned三、第 3部分：概括大意与完成句子(总题数：1，分数：8.00)The Drink Your Body Needs Most1. Our bodies are estimated to be about 60% to 70% water. Blood is mostly water. And our muscles, lungs, and brain all contain a lot of water. Wate
17、r is needed to regulate body temperature and to provide the means for nutrients (滋养物) to travel to all our organs. Water also transports oxygen to our cells, removes waste, and protects our joints and organs. 2. We lose water through urination (排尿), respiration (呼吸) , and by sweating. If you are ver
18、y active, you lose more water than if you do not take much exercise. Symptoms of mild dehydration (脱水) include chronic pains in joints and muscles, lower back pain, headaches, and constipation (便秘). A strong smell to your urine, along with a yellow color indicates that you are not getting enough wat
19、er. Thirst is all obvious sign of dehydration and in fact, you need water long before you feel thirsty. 3. A good rule of thumb (好的做法) is to take your body weight in pounds and divide that number in half. That gives you the number of ounces (盎司) of water per day that you need. For example, if you we
20、igh 160 pounds, you should drink at least 80 ounces of water per day. If you exercise you should drink another 8-ounce glass of water for every 20 minutes you are active. If you drink coffee or alcohol, you should add at least an equal amount of water. When you are traveling on an airplane, it is go
21、od to have 8 ounces of water for every hour you are on board the plane. 4. It may be difficult to drink enough water on a busy day. Be sure you have water handy at all times by keeping a bottle for water with you when you are working, traveling, or exercising. If you get bored with plain water, add
22、a bit of lemon for a touch of flavor. There are some brands of flavored water available, but some of them have sugar or artificial sweeteners that you don“t need.（分数：8.00）(1).Paragraph 1 1 A. Ounces of Water Needed Per Day B. Importance of Water C. Composition of Water D. Signs of Dehydration E. Sup
23、ply of Water F. Necessity for Bringing a Bottle for Water with You（分数：1.00）(2).Paragraph 2 1（分数：1.00）(3).Paragraph 3 1（分数：1.00）(4).Paragraph 4 1（分数：1.00）(5).One cannot live 1. A. in your body B. without water C. before long D. for a change E. on a busy day F. to your weight（分数：1.00）(6).Dehydration m
24、ay occur if there is a shortage of water 1.（分数：1.00）(7).The amount of water your body needs per day is closely related 1.（分数：1.00）(8).Don“t forget to drink enough water even 1.（分数：1.00）四、第 4部分：阅读理解(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、第一篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Older Volcanic EruptionsVolcanoes were more destructive in ancient
25、history, not because they were bigger, but because the carbon dioxide they released wiped out life with greater ease. Paul Wignall from the University of Leeds was investigating the link between volcanic eruptions and mass extinctions. Not all volcanic eruptions killed off large numbers of animals,
26、but all the mass extinctions over the past 300 million years coincided with huge formations of volcanic rock. To his surprise, the older the massive volcanic eruptions were, the more damage they seemed to do. He calculated the “killing efficiency“ for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of l
27、ife they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced. He found that size for size, older eruptions were at least 10 times as effective at wiping out life as their more recent rivals. The Permian extinction, for example, which happened 250 million years ago, is marked by floods of volcanic
28、rock in Siberia that cover an area roughly the size of western Europe. Those volcanoes are thought to have pumped out about 10 gigatonnes of carbon as carbon dioxide. The global warming that followed wiped out 80 percent of all marine genera at the time, and it took 5 million years for the planet to
29、 recover. Yet 60 million years ago, there was another huge amount of volcanic activity and global warming but no mass extinction. Some animals did disappear but things returned to normal within ten thousands of years. “The most recent ones hardly have an effect at all,“ Wignall says. He ignored the
30、extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid. He thinks that older volcanoes had more killing powerbecause more recent life forms were better adapted to dealing with increased levels of CO 2 . Vinc
31、ent Courtillot, director of the Paris Geophysical Institute in France, says that Wignall“s idea is provocative. But he says it is incredibly hard to do these sorts of calculations. He points out that the killing power of volcanic eruptions depends on how long they lasted. And it is impossible to tel
32、l whether the huge blasts lasted for thousands or millions of years. He also adds that it is difficult to estimate how much lava prehistoric volcanoes produced, and that lava volume may not necessarily correspond to carbon dioxide emissions.（分数：15.00）(1).Why did older volcanic eruptions do more dama
33、ge than more recent ones?（分数：3.00）A.Because they killed off life more easily.B.Because they were brighter.C.Because they were larger.D.Because they were hotter.(2).How did Wignall calculate the killing power of those older volcanic eruptions?（分数：3.00）A.By estimating how long they lasted.B.By countin
34、g the dinosaurs they killedC.By studying the chemical composition of lava.D.By comparing the proportion of life wiped out with the volume of lava produced.(3).When did dinosaurs become extinct?（分数：3.00）A.800 million years ago.B.250 million years ago.C.60 million years ago.D.65 million years ago.(4).
35、What can be inferred from paragraph 3 concerning dinosaurs?（分数：3.00）A.They were killed off by an asteroid.B.They died of drastic climate change.C.They were wiped off by a volcanic eruption.D.The cause of their extinction has remained a controversial issue.(5).What is the main thesis of the article?（
36、分数：3.00）A.Volcanic eruptions are not always deadly.B.Older volcanic eruptions were more destructive.C.Carbon dioxide emissions often give rise to global warming.D.It is not easy to calculate the killing power of a volcanic eruption.六、第二篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)The Rise in Oil PricesCould the bad old days of
37、 economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 19791980, when t
38、hey also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time? The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same
39、time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term. Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic c6nsequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol t
40、han it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past. Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the
41、oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich econo
42、mies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.250.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of t
43、he income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economiesto which heavy industry has shifted have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed. One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it
44、has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist“s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and
45、in 1979 by almost 30%.（分数：15.00）(1).The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is _.（分数：3.00）A.global inflationB.reduction in supplyC.fast growth in economyD.Iraq“s suspension of exports(2).It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if _.（分数：3.00）A
46、.price of crude risesB.commodity prices riseC.consumption risesD.oil taxes rise(3).The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries _.（分数：3.00）A.heavy industry becomes more energy-intensiveB.income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil pricesC.manufacturing industry has been se
47、riously squeezedD.oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP(4).We can draw a conclusion from the text that _.（分数：3.00）A.oil-price shocks are less shocking nowB.inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocksC.energy conservation can keep down the oil pricesD.the price rise of crude leads to
48、 the shrinking of heavy industry(5).From the text we can see that the writer seems _.（分数：3.00）A.optimisticB.sensitiveC.gloomyD.scared七、第三篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Smart ExerciseDoctors are starting to find more and more information that suggests a connection between exercise and brain development. Judy Camer
49、on, a scientist at Oregon Health and Science University, studies brain development. According to her research, it seems that exercise can make blood vessels, including those in the brain, stronger and more fully developed. Dr. Cameron claims this allows people who exercise to concentrate better. As she says: “While we already know that exercise is good for the heart, exercise can literally cause physical changes in the brain.“ The effects of exercise on brain development can even be seen in babies. Babies who do activities that require a lot of movement and physic
