1、职称英语卫生类 A 级-56 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、第 1 部分：词汇选项(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.The river widens considerably as it begins to turn east.（分数：1.00）A.extendsB.stretchesC.broadensD.traverses2.The government is debating the education laws.（分数：1.00）A.discussingB.defeatingC.delayingD.declining3.He tended his gra
2、ndmother in the hospital.（分数：1.00）A.looked forB.took care ofC.kept upD.cared for4.The policeman stopped him when he was driving home and accused him of speeding.（分数：1.00）A.chargedB.warnedC.blamedD.deprived5.The reason why he adapted to the new situations quickly is that he has a flexible attitude.（分
3、数：1.00）A.changeableB.alternateC.movableD.adjustable6.Many cities have restricted smoking in public places.（分数：1.00）A.allowedB.keptC.limitedD.stopped7.This book gives a brief outline of the history of the castle and details of the art collection in the main hall.（分数：1.00）A.summaryB.referenceC.article
4、D.outlook8.The powers of the European Commission to regulate competition in the Community are increasing.（分数：1.00）A.fightB.abolishC.removeD.control9.My camera can be adjusted to take pictures in cloudy or sunny conditions.（分数：1.00）A.treatedB.adoptedC.arrangedD.remedied10.She exhibited great powers o
5、f endurance during the climb.（分数：1.00）A.playB.sendC.showD.tell11.They had a far better yield than any other farm miles away around this year.（分数：1.00）A.goodsB.soilC.climateD.harvest12.The eternal motion of the stars fascinated him.（分数：1.00）A.longB.never-endingC.boringD.extensive13.The construction o
6、f the bridge is said to have been terminated .（分数：1.00）A.suspendedB.put an end toC.resumedD.rescheduled14.We all think that the new device he has proposed is ingenious .（分数：1.00）A.effectiveB.cleverC.implausibleD.original15.The city has decided to do away with all the old buildings in its center.（分数：
7、1.00）A.get rid ofB.set upC.repairD.paint二、第 2 部分：阅读判断(总题数：1，分数：7.00)The Doctor in AmericaSelf-employed private physicians who charge a fee for each patient visit have been the norm for American medical practice. Most physicians have a contract relationship with one or more hospitals in their communi
8、ty. They refer their patients as needed to the hospital, which usually charges according to the number of days a patient stays and the facilitiesXrays, operating rooms, testshe or she uses. Some medical doctors are on salary. Salaried physicians may work as hospital staff members, or residents, who
9、are often still in training. They may teach in medical schools, be hired by corporations to care for their workers or work for the federal government“s Public Health Service. Physicians are among the best-paid professionals in the United States. In the 1980s, it was not uncommon for medical doctors
10、to earn incomes of more than $100,000 a year. Specialists, particularly surgeons, might earn several times that amount. Physicians list many reasons why they deserve to be so well rewarded for their work. One reason is the long and expensive preparation required to become a physician in the United S
11、tates. Most would-be physicians first attend college for four years, which can cost nearly $20,000 a year at one of the best private institutions. Prospective physicians then attend medical school for four years. Tuition alone can exceed $10,000 a year. By the time they have obtained their medical d
12、egrees, many young physicians are deeply in debt. They still face three to five years of residency (住院医生实习期) in a hospital, the first year as an apprentice physician. The hours are long and the pay is relatively low. Setting up a medical practice is expensive, too. Sometimes several physicians will
13、decide to establish a group practice, so they can share the expense of maintaining an office and buying equipment. These physicians also take care of each other“s patients in emergencies. Physicians work long hours and must accept a great deal of responsibility. Many medical procedures, even quite r
14、outine ones, involve risk. It is understandable that physicians want to be well rewarded for making decisions which can mean the difference between life and death.（分数：7.00）(1).Many physicians in the US are self-employed private physicians.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(2).No salaried physici
15、ans teach in medical schools in the US.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(3).Of all employed physicians, those hired by corporations are best paid（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(4).Becoming a physician in the US costs considerable time and money.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(5).P
16、hysicians in the US are poorly rewarded for their work.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(6).Anyone with a medical degree can set up a medical practice in the US.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(7).There are more men physicians than women physicians in the US.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not m
17、entioned三、第 3 部分：概括大意与完成句子(总题数：1，分数：8.00)Face Masks May Not Protect from Super-Flu1. If a super-flu strikes, face masks may not protect you. Whether widespread use of masks will help, or harm, during the next worldwide flu outbreak is a question that researchers are studying furiously. No results ha
18、ve come from their mask research yet. However, the government says people should consider wearing them in certain situations anyway, just in case. 2. But it“s a question the public keeps asking while the government are making preparations for the next flu pandemic. So the Centers for Disease Control
19、 and Prevention (CDC) came up with preliminary guidelines. “We don“t want people wearing them everywhere,“ said the CDC. “The overall recommendation really is to avoid exposure.“ 3. When that“s not possible, the guidelines say to consider wearing a simple surgical mask if you are in one of the three
20、 following situations. First, you“re healthy and can“t avoid going to a crowded place. Second, you“re sick and think you may have close contact with the healthy, such as a family member checking on you. Third, you live with someone who“s sick and thus might be in the early stages of infection, but s
21、till need to go out. 4. Influenza pandemics can strike when the easy-to-mutate flu virus shifts to a strain that people never have experienced. Scientists cannot predict when the next pandemic will arrive, although concern is rising that the Asian bird flu might trigger one if it starts spreading ea
22、sily from person to person. 5. During the flu pandemic, you should protect yourself. Avoid crowds, and avoid close contact with the sick unless you must care for someone. Why aren“t masks added to this self-protection list? Because they can help trap virus-laden droplets flying through the air with
23、a cough or sneeze. Simple surgical masks only filter the larger droplets. Besides, the CDC is afraid masks may create a false sense of security. Perhaps someone who should have stayed home would don an ill-fitting mask and hop on the subway instead. 6. Nor does flu only spread through the air. Say s
24、omeone covers a sneeze with his or her hand, then touches a doorknob or subway pole. If you touch that spot next and then put germy hands on your nose or mouth, you“ve been exposed. It“s harder to rub your nose while wearing a mask and so your face may get pretty sweaty under masks. You reach under
25、to wipe that sweat, and may transfer germs caught on the outside of the mask straight to the nose. These are the problems face masks may create for their users. 7. Whether people should or should not use face masks still remains a question. The general public has to wait patiently for the results of
26、 the mask research scientists are still doing.（分数：8.00）(1).Paragraph 2 1 A. Reasons for Excluding Masks from the Self-protection List B. Effort to Stop Flu from Spreading C. When to Use Face Masks D. Guidelines on Mask Use E. Warnings from the CDC F. Danger of Infection Through Germy Hands and Masks
27、（分数：1.00）(2).Paragraph 3 1（分数：1.00）(3).Paragraph 5 1（分数：1.00）(4).Paragraph 6 1（分数：1.00）(5).The scientists are trying to find out if masks may or may not 1. A. overuse face masks B. deal with the mask problem seriously C. rub their faces and noses in the subway D. protest against the mask guidelines
28、E. help protect people from being attacked by a flu F. announce the results of their mask research（分数：1.00）(6).The CDC is afraid that the public may 1.（分数：1.00）(7).The public will not know the answer about masks until scientists 1.（分数：1.00）(8).We can infer from the passage that the US authorities 1.
29、（分数：1.00）四、第 4 部分：阅读理解(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、第一篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)IntellectAmericans today don“t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical educationnot to pursue knowledge f
30、or the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren“t difficult to find. “Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,“ says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.“ Ravitch“s latest book,
31、Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms , traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits. But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vul
32、nerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civ
33、il society.“ “Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,“ writes historian and Professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-intellectualism in American life , a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our his
34、tory, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book. Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist
35、philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.“ Mark Twain“s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-i
36、ntellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilizedgoing to school and learning to read so he can preserve his innate goodness. Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the m
37、ind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines. School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country“s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and milit
38、antly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.“（分数：15.00）(1).What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?（分数：3.00）A.The habit of thinking independently.B.Profound knowledge of the world.C.Prac
39、tical abilities for future career.D.The confidence in intellectual pursuits.(2).We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of _.（分数：3.00）A.undervaluing intellectB.favoring intellectualismC.supporting school reformD.suppressing native intelligence(3).The views of Ravitch and Emerson on
40、schooling are _.（分数：3.00）A.identicalB.similarC.complementaryD.opposite(4).Emerson, according to the text, is probably _.（分数：3.00）A.a pioneer of education reformB.an opponent of intellectualismC.a scholar in favor of intellectD.an advocate of regular schooling(5).What does the author think of intelle
41、ct?（分数：3.00）A.It is second to intelligence.B.It evolves from common sense.C.It is to be pursued.D.It underlies power.六、第二篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Listening to BirdsongA male zebra finch (雀科鸣鸟) chirps (鸣) away to himself. Suddenly he notices a female bird nearby. He realizes he has an audience and immediatel
42、y changes his song. Can the female tell the difference in his performance? According to a new study, the female zebra finch knows. And she prefers the special trills he creates when he sings to her. A male zebra finch changes his song when singing to a female in ways that people can barely detect. B
43、ut the female finch can tell the difference. Scientists had noticed slight variations in the songs of male zebra finches based on whether they were singing alone or whether there was a female (and potential mate) nearby. With an audience, the males sped up the pace of their songs and controlled the
44、notes they used. For this study, researchers Sarah C. Woolley and Allison Doupe, at the University of California, San Francisco, decided to focus attention on the listening females, which have not been well studied in the past. In the study, Woolley and Doupe set up a long cage with a sound speaker
45、at each end. One broadcast the sound of a male zebra finch singing to himself, like someone singing in the shower. The other speaker broadcast a male performing for a female audience, as if he was giving a concert. Female birds were placed between the two speakers. Some of the birds had mates, other
46、s didn“t. The females shifted around a bit, and then most of them hopped over to sit beside just one speaker. All the birds that made a clear choice liked songs meant for a female audience, even if they“d never met the male. Mated females also had a chance to listen to two different performance song
47、s, one from an unknown male, and one from their mate. They spent more time listening to the concert version of their mates“ songs, this suggests that after a while, females learn to recognize and prefer the songs of their mates. Scientists then studied the brains of the females. They found certain a
48、reas of the brain perked up (活跃起来) when the birds listened to the concert songs. These brain areas may be involved in recognizing and evaluating the songs, and storing the memories of them. This research deals with what“s called directed communication, when the communicator, or sender, focuses the m
49、essage for a specific audience. One example is the way morns speak to their babies. Mothers around the world use the same sort of high-pitched sing-song chatter (喋喋不休), and the babies respond best to those sounds. Songbirds are one of the only other species known to learn their communication, in this case their songs.（分数：15.00）(1).Which of the following is true about birdsongs?（分数：3.00）A.Female zebra finches are too shy to sing before males.B.Male zebra finches sing louder than females.C.Female zebra finches like to listen to unknown males sing.D.Male zebra finches change t
