1、职称英语卫生类 A 级-43 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、B第 1 部分：词汇选项/B(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.The government is Udebating/U the education laws. A. discussing B. defeating C. delaying D. declining（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.2.Laster beams can be used to Ubore/U metals and other hard materials. A. trim B. melt C. drill D. slice（
2、分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.3.The city has decided to Udo away with/U all the old buildings in its center. A. get rid of B. set up C. repair D. paint（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.4.During the past ten years there have been Udramatic/U changes in the international situation. A. permanent B. powerful C. striking D. practical（
3、分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.5.For young children, getting dressed is a Ucomplicated/U business. A. personal B. strange C. funny D. complex（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.6.He was not Ueligible/U for the examination because he was over age. A. competitive B. diligent C. qualified D. competent（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.7.Her novel Udepic
4、ts/U an ambitious Chinese. A. writes B. sketches C. describes D. indicates（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.8.Dont Uirritate/U her. shes on a short fuse today. A. tease B. attract C. annoy D. protect（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.9.It is Uabsurd/U to go out in such terrible weather. A. ridiculous B. funny C. odd D. interesting（分数
5、：1.00）A.B.C.D.10.I Unotified/U him that my address had changed. A. informed B. observed C. mocked D. misled（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.11.I want to provide my boys with a Udecent/U education. A. good B. special C. private D. general（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.12.He impressed all his colleagues as a Uvigorous/U man in the
6、 prime of his career. A. hot-tempered B. healthy C. friendly D. patient（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.13.Not all member states Uabided by/U the principle they had agreed on previously. A. adhered to B. abandoned C. applied D. adopted（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.14.His sole Umotive/U was to make her happy. A. aim B. argument
7、C. capability D. pursuit（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.15.The construction of the railway is said to have been Uterminated/U. A. resumed B. put an end to C. suspended D. rescheduled（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.二、B第 2 部分：阅读判断/B(总题数：1，分数：7.00)First Self Contained Heart ImplantedA patient on the brink of death has received the
8、worlds first self-contained artificial hearta battery powered device about the size of a softball that runs without the need for wires, tubes or hoses sticking out of the chest.Two surgeons from the University of Louisville implanted the titanium and plastic pump during a seven-hour operation at Jew
9、ish Hospital Monday. The hospital said the patient was “awake and responsive“ Tuesday and resting comfortably. It refused to release personal details.The patient had been expected to die within a month without the operation, and doctors said they expected the artificial heart to extend the persons l
10、ife by only a month. But the device is considered a major step toward improving the patients quality of life.The new pump, called AbioCor, is also a technological leap from the mechanical hearts used in the 1980s, which were attached by wires and tubes to bulky machinery outside the body. The most f
11、amous of those, the Jarvic-7, used air as a pumping device and was attached to an apparatus about the size of a washing machine.“I think its potentially a major step forward in the artificial heart development,“ said Dr. David Faxon, president of the American Heart Association. However, he said the
12、dream of an implantable, permanent artificial heart is not yet a reality. “This is obviously an experimental device whose long-term success has to be demonstrated.“ Only about half of the 4,200 Americans on a waiting list for donor hearts received them last year, and most of the rest died.Some docto
13、rs, including Robert Higgins, chairman of cardiology at the Medical College of Virginia in Richmond, said artificial hearts are unlikely to replace donor hearts.“A donor heart in a good transplant can last 15 to 30 years,“ he said. “Its going to be hard to replace that with a machine.“The AbilCor ha
14、s a 2-pound pumping unit, and electronic controls that adjust the pumping speed based on the bodys needs. It is powered by a small battery pack worn outside the body that transmits current through the skin.（分数：7.00）(1).The pump of the first implanted self-contained heart was made of titanium and pla
15、stic. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The patients life was expected to last several years longer by implanting the artificial heart. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).There is no difference in structure between the self-contained heart and the mechanical
16、heart. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The American Heart Association recommended widely using the self-contained heart. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Dr. David Faxon believed that the implantable, permanent artificial heart will certainly be developed
17、 in the future. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(6).Approximately two thousand one hundred patients received heart implantation in America last year. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(7).Some doctors doubt the possibility of donor hearts being replaced by artific
18、ial ones. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.三、B第 3 部分：概括大意与完成句子(总题数：1，分数：8.00)Screen Test1. Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early enough, the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a survey Aus
19、tralia, Canada, the U.S. and Spain, screen women under 50.2. But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial, partly because the radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue is dense
20、r.3. Researchers at the Polytechnic University of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160,000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the womens cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause.4. The mathematical model
21、recommended by Britains National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the U.N. Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers.5. The
22、researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is “not very significant“ compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. The Valencia programme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened.6. But they point
23、 out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40% and 80% if screening began at 50 instead of 45, because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of their study, they suggest, could help “optimize the technique“ for breast cancer screening.7.
24、“There is a trade-off between the diagnostic benefits of breast screening and its risks,“ admits Michael Clark of the NRPB. But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. “On the basis of the current data, for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of c
25、ausing one later in life. Thats why radiation exposure should be minimized in any screening programme.“A. Harm Screening May Do to a Younger WomanB. Investing the Effect of ScreeningC. Effects Predicted by Two Different ModelsD. Small Risk of Inducing Cancers from RadiationE. Treatment of CancersF.
26、Factors That Trigger Cancers（分数：8.00）(1).Paragraph 2 _（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).Paragraph 3 _（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).Paragraph 4 _（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).Paragraph 5 _（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(5).A. be costly B. harmful C. save a life D. still open to debate E. reduce the risk of radiation triggering a cancer F. reduced t
27、o the minimum Early discovery of breast cancer may _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(6).Advantages of screening women under 50 are _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(7).Delaying the age at which screening starts may _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(8).Radiation exposure should be _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_四、B第 4 部分：阅读理解/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、B第一篇/B(总题数：1，
28、分数：15.00)A Gay BiologistMolecular biologist Dean Hamer has blue eyes, light brown hair and a good sense of humor. He smokes cigarettes, spends long hours in an old laboratory at the U.S. National Institute of Health, and in his free time climbs up cliffs and points his skis down steep slopes. He als
29、o happens to be openly, matter-of-fact gay.What is it that makes Hamer who he is? What, for that matter, accounts for the talents and traits that make up anyones personality? Hamer is not content merely to ask such questions; he is trying to answer them as well. A pioneer in the field of molecular p
30、sychology, Hamer is exploring the role genes play in governing the very core of our individuality. To a remarkable extent, his work on what might be called the gay, thrill-seeking and quit-smoking genes reflects how own genetic predispositions.That work, which has appeared mostly in scientific journ
31、als, has been gathered into an accessible and quite readable form in Hamers creative new book, Living with Our Genes. “You have about as much choice in some aspect of your personality,“ Hamer and coauthor Peter Copeland write in the introductory chapter, “as you do in the shape of your nose or the s
32、ize of your feet.“Until recently, research into behavioral genetics was dominated by psychiatrists and psychologists, who based their most compelling conclusions about the importance of genes on studies of identical twins. For example, psychologist Michael Bailey of Northwestern University famously
33、demonstrated that if one identical twin is gay, there is about a 50% likelihood that the other will be too. Seven years ago, Hamer picked up where the twin studies left off, homing in on specific strips of DNA that appear to influence everything from mood to sexual orientation.Hamer switched to beha
34、vioral genetics from basic research, after receiving his doctorate from Harvard, he spent more than a decade studying the biochemistry of a protein that cells use to metabolize heavy metals like copper and zinc. As he was about to turn 40, however, Hamer suddenly realized he had learned as much abou
35、t the protein as he cared to. “Frankly, I was bored,“ he remembers, “and ready for something new.“Homosexual behavior, in particular, seemed ripe for exploration because few scientists had dared tackle such an emotionally and politically charged subject. “Im gay,“ Hamer says with a shrug, “but that
36、was not a major motivation. It was more of a question of intellectual curiosityand the fact that no one else was doing this sort of research.“（分数：15.00）(1).The first paragraph describes Hamers _. A. looks, hobbies and character B. viewpoint on homosexuality C. unique life-style D. scientific researc
37、h work（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Hamer was a _. A. psychiatrist B. physiologist C. chemist D. biologist（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What is Hamer doing now? A. He is exploring the role of genes in deciding ones intelligence. B. He is exploring the role of genes in deciding ones personality. C. He is writing a boo
38、k entitled Live with Our Genes. D. He is trying to answer some questions on a test paper.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What happened to Hamers research interest? A. He turned to basic research. B. He sticked to basic research. C. He turned to behavioral genetics. D. He sticked to behavioral genetics.（分数：3.00
39、）A.B.C.D.(5).According to Hamer, what was one of the main reasons for him to choose homosexual behavior as his research subject? A. He is a gay and he wants to cure himself. B. He was curious about it as a scientist. C. He was curious about it like everyone else. D. It is a subject that can lead to
40、political success.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.六、B第二篇/B(总题数：1，分数：15.00)DNA FingerprintingDNA is the genetic material found within the cell nuclei of all living things. In mammals the strands of DNA are grouped into structures called chromosomes. With the exception of identical siblings (as in identical twins),
41、the complete DNA of each individual is unique.DNA fingerprinting is sometimes called DNA typing. It is a method of identification that compares bits of DNA. A DNA fingerprint is constructed by first drawing out a DNA sample from body tissue or fluid such as hair, blood, or saliva. The sample is then
42、 segmented using enzymes, and the segments are arranged by size. The segments are marked with probes and exposed on X-ray film, where they form a pattern of black barsthe DNA fingerprint. If the DNA fingerprints produced from two different samples match, the two samples probably came from the same p
43、erson.DNA fingerprinting was first developed as all identification technique in 1985. Originally used to detect the presence of genetic diseases, it soon came to be used in criminal investigations and legal affairs. The first criminal conviction based on DNA evidence in the United States occurred in
44、 1988. In criminal investigations, DNA fingerprints derived from evidence collected at the crime scene are compared to the DNA fingerprints of suspects. Generally, courts have accepted the reliability of DNA testing and admitted DNA test results into evidence. However, DNA fingerprinting is controve
45、rsial in a number of areas: the accuracy of the results, the cost of testing, and the possible misuse of the technique.The accuracy of DNA fingerprinting has been challenged for several reasons. First, because DNA segments rather than complete DNA strands are “fingerprinted“: a DNA fingerprint may n
46、ot be unique; large-scale research to confirm the uniqueness of DNA fingerprinting test results has not been conducted. In addition, DNA fingerprinting is often done in private laboratories that may not follow uniform testing standards and quality controls. Also, since human beings must interpret th
47、e test, human error could lead to false results.DNA fingerprinting is expensive. Suspects who are unable to provide their own DNA to experts may not be able to successfully defend themselves against charges based on DNA evidence.Widespread use of DNA testing for identification purposes may lead to t
48、he establishment of a DNA fingerprint database.（分数：15.00）(1).According to the essay, we can find chromosomes _. A. in a fish B. in a tree C. in a sheep D. in a rock（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.(2).DNA fingerprinting is more often used for _. A. obtaining samples of chromosomes B. providing evidence in court invest
