1、职称英语卫生类 A 级-42 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、B第 1 部分：词汇选项/B(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.Americas emphasis on the importance of education for everyone has Uspurred/U scientific research. A. encouraged B. endangered C. endorsed D. enlarged（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.2.Photojournalist Margaret White became famous for her Uc
2、overage/U of significant events during the Second World War. A. baggage B. orphanage C. reportage D. usage（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.3.Below 600 feet ocean waters range from Udimly/U lit to completely dark. A. inadequately B. hardly C. faintly D. sufficiently（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.4.“Im not meddling,“ Mary said Umi
3、ldly/U. “Im just curious.“ A. gently B. shyly C. weakly D. sweetly（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.5.In 1861 it seemed Uinevitable/U that the America southern states would break away from the Union. A. strange B. certain C. inconsistent D. proper（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.6.Many of novelist Carson McCullers characters are Ui
4、solated/U people. A. solitary B. gloomy C. feeble D. frugal（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.7.The workers finally Ucalled off/U the strike. A. put off B. ended C. cancelled D. participated in（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.8.John has Umade up his mind/U not to go to the meeting. A. wanted B. promised C. decided D. agreed（分数：1.00）
5、A.B.C.D.9.I catch cold Unow and then/U. A. always B. occasionally C. constantly D. regularly（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.10.He often Ufinds fault with/U my work. A. criticizes B. praises C. evaluates D. talks about（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.11.The little girl Ugrasped/U her mothers arm as she crossed the street. A. under
6、stood B. had a hold over C. took hold of D. left hold of（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.12.Careful Uconsideration/U should be given to issues of health and safety. A. thought B. mind C. account D. memory（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.13.I can no longer Utolerate/U his actions. A. put up with B. accept C. take D. suffer from（分数：
7、1.00）A.B.C.D.14.The doctors have Uabandoned/U the hope to rescue the old man. A. left B. given up C. turned down D. refused（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.15.Have you talked to her Ulately/U? A. lastly B. shortly C. recently D. immediately（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.二、B第 2 部分：阅读判断/B(总题数：1，分数：7.00)The SmogFor over a month, In
8、donesia was in crisis. Forest fires raged out of control as the country suffered its worst drought for 50 years. Smoke from the fires mixed with sunlight and hot dry air to form a cloud of smog. This pollution quickly spread and within days it was hanging over neighbouring countries including Malays
9、ia, Singapore and Thailand.When the smoke combined with pollution from factories and cars, it soon became poisonous (有毒的). Dangerous amounts of CO became trapped under the smog and pollution levels rose. People wheezed (喘息) and coughed as they left the house and their eyes watered immediately.The sm
10、og made it impossible to see across streets and whole cities disappeared as grey soot (烟灰) covered everything. In some areas, water was hosed (用胶管浇) from high-rise city buildings to try to break up the smog.Finally, heavy rains, which came in November, put out the fires and cleared the air. But the
11、environmental costs and health problems will remain. Many people from South-Eastern Asian cities already suffer from breathing huge amounts of car exhaust fumes (汽车排放的废气) and factory pollution. Breathing problems could well increase and many nonsufferers may have difficulties for the first time. Wil
12、dlife has suffered too. In lowland forests, elephants, deer, and tigers have been driven out of their homes by smog.But smog is not just an Asian problem. In fact, the word “smog“ was first used in London in 1905 to describe the mixture of smoke and thick fog. Fog often hung over the capital. Someti
13、mes the smog was so thick and poisonous that people were killed by breathing problems or in accidents.About 4000 Londoners died within five days as a result of thick smog in 1952.（分数：7.00）(1).Indonesia was in crisis because of the drought. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The s
14、mog spread to neighbouring countries. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The air-pollution index went up to 300 within a few days. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Water was used to try to break up the smog. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D
15、.(5).Many Indonesians blamed the government for the drought. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(6).The forest animals havent been affected by the smog. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(7).The word “smog“ first appeared in 1952. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分
16、数：1.00）A.B.C.D.三、B第 3 部分：概括大意与完成句子(总题数：1，分数：8.00)Global Warming1. Smoke is clouding our view of global warming, protecting the planet from perhaps three-quarters of the greenhouse effect. That might sound like good news, but experts say that as the cover diminishes in coming decades, we are facing a
17、 dramatic increase of warming that could be two or even three times as great as official best guesses.2. This was the dramatic conclusion reached last week at a workshop in Dahlem, Berlin, where top atmospheric scientists got together, including Nobel Prize winner Paul Crutzen and Swedish scientist
18、Bert Bolin, former chairman of the UNs Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).3. IPCC scientists have suspected for a decade that aerosols (浮质) of smoke and other particles from burning rainforest, crop waste and fossil fuels are blocking sunlight and counteracting the warming effect of ca
19、rbon dioxide emissions. Until now, they reckoned that aerosols reduced greenhouse warming by perhaps a quarter, cutting increases by 0.2. So the 0.6 of warming over the past century would have been 0.8 without aerosols.4. But the Berlin workshop concluded that the real figure is even higheraerosols
20、may have reduced global warming by as much as three-quarters, cutting increases by 1.8. If so, the good news is that aerosols have prevented the world getting almost two degrees warmer than it is now. But the bad news is that the climate system is much more sensitive to greenhouse gases than previou
21、sly guessed.5. As those gases are expected to continue accumulating in the atmosphere while aerosols stabilize or fall, that means “dramatic consequences for estimates of future climate change“, the scientists agreed in a draft report from the workshop.A. Atmospheric ScientistsB. The Calculations Ma
22、de at the Berlin WorkshopC. The Previous Calculations of the Effect of AerosolsD. The Scientists AgreementE. The Authoritative ConclusionF. Greenhouse Gases（分数：8.00）(1).Paragraph 2 _（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).Paragraph 3 _（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).Paragraph 4 _（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).Paragraph 5 _（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(5)
23、.A. will influence future climate change B. was somewhat surprising C. will rise rapidly D. was known to us all E. was much higher than had been expected F. will drop dramatically When the cover diminishes in the coming decades, temperature _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(6).The conclusion reached at the Berlin
24、workshop _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(7).The Berlin workshop concluded that the real figure _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(8).The increase of greenhouse gases _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_四、B第 4 部分：阅读理解/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、B第一篇/B(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Explorer of the Extreme DeepOceans cover more than two-thirds of our planet. Yet, just a s
25、mall fraction of the underwater world has been explored. Now, scientists at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) in Massachusetts are building an underwater vehicle that will carry explorers as deep as 6,500 meters (21,320 feet). The new machine, known as a manned submersible or human-ope
26、rated vehicle (HOV), will replace another one named Alvin which has an amazing record of discovery, playing a key role in various important and famous undersea expeditions. Alvin has been operating for 40 years but can go down only 4,500 meters (14,784 feet). Its about time for an upgrade, WHOI rese
27、archers say.Alvin was launched in 1964. Since then, Alvin has worked between 200 and 250 days a year, says Daniel Fornari, a marine geologist and director of the Deep Ocean Exploration Institute at WHOI. During its lifetime, Alvin has carried some 12,000 people on a total of more than 3,000 dives. A
28、 newer, better versions of Alvin is bound to reveal even more surprises about a world that is still full of mysteries, Fornari says. It might also make the job of exploration a little easier. “We take so much for granted on land,“ Fornari says. “We can walk around and see with our eyes how big thing
29、s are. We can see colors, special arrangements.“Size-wise, the new HOV will be similar to Alvin. Itll be about 37 feet long. The setting area inside will be a small sphere, about 8 feet wide, like Alvin, itll carry a pilot and two passengers. It will be just as maneuverable. In most other ways, it w
30、ill give passengers more opportunities to enjoy the view, for one thing. Alvin has only three windows, the new vehicle will have five, with more overlap so that the passengers and the pilot can see the same thing.Alvin can go up and down at a rate of 30 meters every second, and its maximum speed is
31、2 knots (about 2.3 miles per hour), while the new vehicle will be able to ascend and descend at 44 meters per second. Itll reach speeds of 3 knots, or 3.5 miles per hour.（分数：15.00）(1).What is Alvin? A. A research institute. B. A transporting vehicle. C. A submersible. D. A scientist.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D
32、.(2).Which of the following statements is NOT a fact about Alvin? A. It can carry explorers as deep as 6,500 meters. B. It has played a key role in various important undersea expeditions. C. It was launched in the sixties of the twentieth century. D. It has been used for more than 40 years.（分数：3.00）
33、A.B.C.D.(3).“.a world that is still full of mysteries“ refers to _. A. the earth B. out space C. the ocean D. Mars（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.(4).In what aspects are the new HOV and Alvin similar? A. Size. B. Speed. C. Capacity. D. Shape.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.(5).In what aspects are the new HOV and Alvin different?
34、 A. Offering better views. B. Speed. C. Size. D. Both A and B.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.六、B第二篇/B(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Motoring Technology1.2 million road deaths worldwide occur each year, plus a further 50 million injuries. To reduce car crash rate, much research now is focused on safety and new fuelsthough some e
35、lectric vehicle and biofuel research aims at going faster.Travelling at speed has always been risky. One cutting edge area of research in motoring safety is the use of digital in-car assistants. They can ensure you dont miss crucial road signs or fall asleep. The use of artificial intelligence softw
36、are allows these assistants to monitor your driving and makes sure your phone or radio doesnt distract you at a vital moment. Most crashes result from human and not mechanical faults.Some safety developments aim to improve your vision. Radar can spot obstacles in fog, while other technology “sees th
37、rough“ high-sided vehicles blocking your view.And improvements to seat belts, pedal controls and tyres are making driving smoother and safer. The colour of a car has been found to be linked with safety, as have, less surprisingly, size and shape.And alternatives to fossil-fuel based petrol, such as
38、plant oils, are a hot area of research. Fuel cells based on hydrogen burn cleanly, and are the subject of a serious research effort.But whatever is in the fuel tank, you dont want a thief in the driving seat and there have been many innovations, some using satellite tracking and remote communication
39、s, to fight against car theft. These communication systems can also come into play if you crash, automatically calling for help.Accidents cause many traffic jams, but there are more subtle interplays between vehicles that can cause jams even on a clear but busy road. Such jams can be analysed using
40、statistical tools. Robotic drivers could be programmed to make traffic flow smoothly and will perhaps one day be everyones personal chauffeur, but their latest efforts suggest that wont be soon.（分数：15.00）(1).What are researchers interested in doing as the road accidents worldwide increase to a shock
41、ing rate? A. They are developing faster electric vehicles. B. They are analyzing road deaths occurring worldwide every year. C. They focus their research on safety and new fuels. D. They are designing fully automatic cars.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the second paragraph, most road accidents ha
42、ppen _. A. because drivers fall asleep B. because drivers make mistakes C. because of engine failure D. because of speeding（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the safety developments is NOT mentioned in the passage? A. Radars that can help drivers to see obstacles in fog. B. Devices that can help drivers
43、to see through big vehicles. C. Improvements in seat belts, pedal controls and tyres. D. Windscreens that can help drivers to improve their vision.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What is NOT the purpose of innovations that use satellite tracking and remote _ communications? A. To prevent car thieves from getti
44、ng into your car. B. To call for help when ones car crashes. C. To call for help when the car gets jammed in the traffic. D. To track the car down when it is being stolen.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What is true of robotic drivers? A. It will take some time before robotic drivers can be put to practical us
45、e. B. Robotic drivers are not allowed to drive on busy roads. C. Robotic drivers can never replace human drivers. D. Robotic drives are too expensive to use.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.七、B第三篇/B(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Shark Attack!Craig Rogers was sitting on his surfboard, scanning the distance for his next wave, when
46、his board suddenly stopped moving. He looked down and was terrified to see a great white shark biting the front of his board. “I could have touched its eye with my elbow,“ says Craig. The shark had surfaced so quietly that he hadnt heard a thing.In his horror and confusion, he waved his arms and acc
47、identally cut two of his fingers on the sharks teeth. He then slid off the opposite side of his surfboard into the water. Then, with Craig in the water and blood flowing from his fingers, the five-meter-long shark simply swam away, disappearing into the water below.Although sharks are often categorized as killers that hunt and eat as many humans as they can, this is factually inaccurate. Sharks very rarely kill humans. A person has a greater chance of being struck by lightning or drowning in a bath than of being killed by a shark. Only 74 people have been report
