1、职称英语卫生类 A 级-38 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、第 1 部分：词汇选项(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.A great deal has been done to better the situation.A. change B. improve C. assess D. harm（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.2.The construction of the railway is said to have been terminated.A. resumed B. put an end to C. suspended D. re-schedul
2、ed（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.3.Foreign military aid was prolonging the war.A. broadening B. worsening C. extending D. accelerating（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.4.I am always conscious of my own shortcomings.A. aware B. ashamed C. anxious D. surprised（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.5.The high-speed trains can have a major impact on trave
3、l preferences.A. influenceB. forceC. surpriseD. power（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.6.The music was a little loud, but except that it was a great concert.A. better than B. more than C. other than D. rather than（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.7.Everyday Tom had nothing to do but pass away time.A. catch up with B. wasteC. kill D.
4、 save（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.8.They had a far better yield than any other farm miles away around this year.A. goods B. soil C. climate D. harvest（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.9.He lacked the strength to deal with all these problems.A. think of B. talk aboutC. copy down D. cope with（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.10.This play is so bo
5、ring that I feel a bit sleepy.A. interesting B. exciting C. lazy D. dull（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.11.We derive information mainly from the Internet.A. deprive B. obtain C. descend D. trace（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.12.Gunpowder was used extensively in firearms prior to 1990.A. in B. aroundC. from D. before（分数：1.00）A.B
6、.C.D.13.He is a humorous man, especially his expression in his face.A. rationally B. obviously C. particularly D. traditionally（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.14.What makes a major success in Los Angeles is the strength of his public support.A. concentration B. intensity C. conservation D. stress（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.1
7、5.It seems highly unlikely that she will pass the exam.A. very B. completelyC. usually D. mostly（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.二、第 2 部分：阅读判断(总题数：1，分数：7.00)Using HIV Virus to Cure CancerScientists are planning to use human immunodeficiency (免疫缺陷) virus (HIV), one of mankinds most feared viruses, as a carrier of ge
8、nes which can fight cancer and a range of diseases that cannot be cured. The experts say HIV has an almost perfect ability to avoid the bodys immune (免疫的) defenses, making it ideal for carrying replacement genes into patients bodies, according to the Observer.A team at the California-based Salk Inst
9、itute, one of the worlds leading research centers on biological sciences, has created a special new breed of HIV and has started negotiations with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to begin clinical gene therapy (治疗) trials this year. The first trials are expected to involve patients suffe
10、ring from cancers that cannot be cured by surgery although project leader Professor Inder Verma said the HIV technique would have “far wider applications“.The plan remains very likely to cause controversy since it involves making use of a virus which has caused more than 22 million deaths around the
11、 world in the past two decades. Verma said that the idea of using HIV for a beneficial purpose was “shocking“ but the fierce nature of HIV had disappeared by having all six of the potentially deadly genes removed.Illnesses such as various cancers are caused when a gene in a patients body fails to wo
12、rk properly. In the past two years, breakthroughs in genetics (遗传学) have led gene therapy scientists to try and replace the genes that do not function normally.Unfortunately, the bodys immune defenses have been known to attack the modified genes and make them lose their effects before they can start
13、 their task and progress in the field has been held up by the lack of a suitable carrier.The HIV virus has the ability to escape from, and then destroy, the immune defense cells designed to protect our bodies and this makes it attractive to scientists as a way of secretly conveying replacement genes
14、 into patients bodies.（分数：7.00）(1).FDA has approved the plan of using HIV to cure cancer in humans.ARight BWrong CNot mentioned（分数：1.00）A.B.C.(2).The idea of using HIV for a beneficial purpose has been widely accepted.ARight BWrong CNot mentioned（分数：1.00）A.B.C.(3).HIV can be safely used to cure canc
15、er only if the deadly genes have been removed.ARight BWrong CNot mentioned（分数：1.00）A.B.C.(4).The HIV virus is an excellent warrior to fight the bodys immune cells.ARight BWrong CNot mentioned（分数：1.00）A.B.C.(5).Other countries are also expected to begin clinical gene therapy trials soon.ARight BWrong
16、 CNot mentioned（分数：1.00）A.B.C.(6).It is the lack of money that has held up the progress in using replacement genes to cure cancer.ARight BWrong CNot mentioned（分数：1.00）A.B.C.(7).The HIV virus has caused more deaths in developed countries.ARight BWrong CNot mentioned（分数：1.00）A.B.C.三、第 3 部分：概括大意与完成句子(总
17、题数：2，分数：8.00)Asell flesh vegetablesBsell as much as possibleCoffer a variety of prepared mealsDturn them into soupEfill a gap in the marketFpromote her soups（分数：4.00）(1).Bob and Clara Darlington established a shop to_.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).Apart from quality fruit and vegetables, the couple_.（分数：1.00）
18、填空项 1:_(3).Instead of throwing the damaged vegetables away, the couple_.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).Clara spent much of the summer going to London to_.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_A. Undeniable Mirs achievementsB. Rewards following the U. S. financial injectionC. Mirs problem yearD. Mir regarded as a complete failureE.
19、Mirs firsts in scientific experiments and space explorationF. A great debt owned to the International Space Station（分数：4.00）(1).Paragraph 4 _（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).Paragraph 5 _（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).Paragraph 6 _（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).Paragraph 8 _（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_四、第 4 部分：阅读理解(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、第一篇(总题数：1，分数：1
20、5.00)Immune FunctionsThe immune system is equal in complexity to the combined intricacies of the brain and nervous system. The success of the immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory communication network consisting of millions and millions of cells. Organized into sets and
21、 subsets,these cells pass information back and forth like clouds of bees flying around a hive (蜂巢). The result is a sensitive system of checks and balances that produces an immune response that is prompt, appropriate effective, and self-limiting.At the heart of the immune system is the ability to di
22、stinguish between self and no self. When immune defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign or nonself molecules,the immune troops move quickly to eliminate the intruders(入侵者). Virtually every body cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as self. The bodys immune defenses do
23、not normally attack tissues that carry a selfmarker. Rather, immune cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in s state known as self-toler-ance. When a normally functioning immune system attacks a nonself molecule, the system has the ability to“remember“ the specifics of the foreign body. Upon
24、subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules, the immune system reacts accordingly. With the possible exception of antibodies(抗体) passed during lactation (哺乳期), this so called immune system memory is not inherited. Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family,your immune system must
25、“learn“ from experience with the many millions of distinctive nonself molecules in the sea of microbes (微生物)in which we live. Learning entails producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match up with and counteract each nonself invader.Any substance capable of triggering an immune response is
26、called an antigen(抗原). Antigens are not to be confused with allergens (过敏原), which are most often harmless substances that provoke the immune system to set off the inappropriate and harmful response known as allergy. An antigen can be a virus, a bacterium or even a portion or product of one of these
27、 organisms. Tissues or cells from another individual also act as antigens;because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign, it rejects them. The body will even reject nourishing proteins unless they are first brokendown by the digestive system into their primary, nonantigenic bui
28、lding blocks. An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and characteristic shapes called epitopes(抗原表位),which protrude(突 出) from its surface. Most antigens, even the simplest microbes, carry several different kinds of epitopes on their surface; some may even carry several hundreds.
29、Some epitopes will be more effective than others at stimulating an immune response. Only in abnormal situation does the immune system wrongly identify self as nonself and execute a misdirected immune attack.（分数：15.00）(1).What is used to describe the communication network consisting of cells in the i
30、mmune system?A. The immune systems memory.B. Immune troops eliminating intruders.C. Bees flying around a hive.D. A sea of microbes.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The immune cells and other cells in the body coexist peaceably in a state known asA. self-toleranceB. balanceC. harmonyD. tolerance（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.
31、(3).How do the immune cells recognize an antigen as “foreign“or“nonself“?A. Through an allergic response.B. Through blood type.C. Through characteristic shapes on the antigen surface.D. Through fine hairs protruding from the antigen surface.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following statements is t
32、rue?A. Allergens are usually harmful substances.B. Antigens can trigger an immune response.C. People with antigens do not suffer from obvious responses.D. There is no difference between an antigen and an allergen.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following best expresses the main idea of this passag
33、e?A. An antigen is any substance that triggers an immune response.B. One of the immune systems primary functions is the allergic response.C. The human body is an appropriate habitat for microbes.D. The basic function of the immune system is to distinguish between self and nonself（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.六、第
34、二篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Electronic TeachingThe potential of closed-circuit television and other new electronic leaching tools is so great that it is fascinating to visualize “the school of tomorrow“.Televised lessons will originate from a central building having perhaps four or five master studios. The le
35、ssons will be carried into classrooms all over a city, or even an entire country.After a televised lesson has been given, the classroom teacher will take over for tire all-important “follow-up“ period. The students will ask any troublesome questions, and difficult points will be cleared up through d
36、iscussion.The teacher in the classroom will have additional electronic tools. On the teachers desk, the traditional chalk and erasers will have been replaced by a multiple-control panel and magnetic tape players. The tape machines will run pre-recorded lessons which pupils will follow by headphones.
37、 The lessons will be specifically geared to the students levels of ability. For instance, while the class as a whole studies history, each student will receive an individual history lesson, directed to his particular level of ability.Should question arise, the students will be able to talk directly
38、to the teacher on individual intercoms without disturbing the rest of the class. In this way, the teacher will he able to conduct as many as three classes at the same time.With the rapid development of computer science, students will be aided with specially prepared multi-media software to study the
39、ir subjects better. Homework will possibly be assigned and handed in via electronic mail system. Students can even take examinations on their computer linked with the teachers and get the score instantly. They will get certificates or diplomas if they pass all the required examinations. Experts beli
40、eve that this type of education will be very popular in the years ahead.（分数：15.00）(1).Lessons broadcast by television will come fromA. the school of tomorrowB. classroomsC. big buildingsD. master studios（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following statements about the function of the teacher in the t
41、eaching process is true?A. The teacher will not need to be involved.B. The teacher will still have to play an important role.C. The teacher will only need to press buttons.D. The teacher will be completely replaced by electronic tools.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.(3).When having lessons, the students will _. A.
42、 always listen to the same pre-recorded lessons togetherB. usually have individual lessons according to their ability levelsC. control the multiple-control panel and magnetic tape playersD. receive face-to-face instructions from the teacher in the same classroom（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.(4).If there are ques
43、tions, the students will _. A. talk to the teacher through “intercoms“B. raise their hands and wait for the answerC. discuss them with the rest of the classD. solve the problems all by themselves（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Computer teaching will help the study in the following ways except that _. A. teache
44、rs can give and collect homework using electronic mail systemB. examinations can be conducted on computers better than on paperC. test scores can be obtained soon after the test is takenD. certificates or diplomas are required if the students want to pass the tests（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.七、第三篇(总题数：1，分数：15.
45、00)Acceptance of Chronic IllnessFor chronically ill patients, giving up the hope that they will get better may actually lead to more happiness, U.S. researchers suggest. “Hope is an important part of happiness, but theres a dark side of hope. Sometimes, if hope makes people put off getting on with t
46、heir life, it can get in the way of happiness,“ Dr. Peter A. Ubel from the University of Michigan Health System said in a university news release. He and his colleagues studied patients whod just had a colostomy (结肠造口术), which means their colons (结肠) were removed and they had to have howe1 (肠) movem
47、ents in a pouch (小袋) outside the body. At the time of the surgery, some patients were told the procedure was reversible and theyd have a second operation in a few months to reconnect their bowels. Other patients were told the colostomy was permanent. The patients were followed for six months, and th
48、e researchers found that those without hope of regaining normal bowel function were happier than those with reversible colostomies. “We think they were happier because they got on with their life. They realized the cards they were dealt, and recognized that they had no choice but to play with those
49、cards,“ Ubel said. “The other group was waiting for their colostomy to be reversed. They contrasted their current life with the life they hoped to lead, and didnt make the best of their current situation. “ The study, published in the November edition of Health Psychology, also may explain why people whose spouse dies often recover better emotionally over tim
