1、职称英语卫生类 A级-36 及答案解析(总分：96.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、第 1部分：词汇选项(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.If a child is left alone, hell lose his zest for life and his desire to find out new things for himself. A. courage B. direction C. confidence D. interest（分数：1.00）_2.The whole idea to build a deluxe hotel here sounds insane to me
2、.A. reasonable B. sensible C. crazy D. unbelievable（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.3.Engineers use the principles of aerodynamics in designing airplanes and other objects affected by aerodynamic forces.A. laws B. movementsC. studies D. products（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.4.Clearly, he will win the game.A. likely B. possibly
3、C. obviously D. strangely（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.5.He is absent because he is sick.A. bad B. good C. well D. ill（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.6.Penguins do not suffer from the cold in Antarctica because their feathers secrete a protective oil.A. hide B. warm C. produce D. absorb（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.7.The President made a b
4、rief visit to Beijing.A. short B. working C. formal D. secret（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.8.He cannot discriminate between a good idea and a bad one.A. judge B. assessC. distinguish D. recognize（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.9.Examination papers of the class were marked without bias. A. immediately B. correctly C. fairly D.
5、carefully（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.10.The manager allocate duties to the clerks.A. assign B. persuade C. ask D. order（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.11.The walls are made of hollow concret blocks.A. bigB. emptyC. longD. new（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.12.Your teacher will take your illness into account when marking your exams. A. calc
6、ulation B. computation C. consideration D. assessment（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.13.I am feeling a lot more healthy than I was.A. many B. noC. much D. some（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.14.China does a lot of trade with many countries.A. a great deal of B. a great many ofC. a large number of D. a great level of（分数：1.00）A.B.
7、C.D.15.We were astonished to hear that their football team had won the champion.A. amazed B. amounted C. amused D. approached（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.二、第 2部分：阅读判断(总题数：1，分数：7.00)They Say Irelands the BestIreland is the best place in the world to live in for 2005, according to a life quality ranking that appe
8、ared in Britains Economist magazine last week.The ambitious attempt to compare happiness levels around the world is based on the principle that wealth is not the only measure of human satisfaction and well-being.The index of 111 countries uses data on incomes, health, unemployment, climate, politica
9、l stability, job security, gender equality as well as what the magazine calls “freedom, family and community life“.Despite the bad weather, troubled health service, traffic congestion (拥挤) , gender inequality and the high cost of living. Ireland scored an impressive 8.33 Points out of 10.That put it
10、 well ahead of second-place Switzerland, which managed 8.07. Zimbabwe, troubled by political insecurity and hunger, is rated the gloomiest (最差的), picking up only 3.89 points.“Although rising incomes and increased individual choices are highly valued.“ the report said, “some of the factors associated
11、 with modernization such as the breakdown (崩溃) in traditional institutions and family values in part take away from a positive impact.“Ireland wins because it successfully combines the most desirable elements of the new with the preservation of certain warm elements of the old, such as stable family
12、 and community life.“The magazine admitted measuring quality of life is not a straightforward thing to do, and that its findings would have their critics.No. 2 on the list is Switzerland. The other nations in the top 10 are Norway, Luxembourg, Sweden, Australia, Iceland, Italy, Denmark and Spain.The
13、 U.K. is positioned at No. 29, a much lower position chiefly because of the social and family breakdown recorded in official statistics, The U.S., which has the second highest per capita GDP (人均国内生产总值) after Luxembourg, took the 13th place in the survey. China was in the lower half of the league at
14、60th.（分数：7.00）(1).For 2005 years, Ireland has been the best place for humans to live in.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：1.00）A.B.C.(2).Job security is the least important measure of life quality.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：1.00）A.B.C.(3).Cost of living in Ireland is pretty high.A. Ri
15、ght B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：1.00）A.B.C.(4).Family life in Zimbabwe is not stable.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：1.00）A.B.C.(5).Ireland is positioned at No. 1 because it combines the most desirable elements of the new with some good elements of the old.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分
16、数：1.00）A.B.C.(6).To measure life quality is easy.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：1.00）A.B.C.(7).The United States of America is among the top 10 countries.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：1.00）A.B.C.三、第 3部分：概括大意与完成句子(总题数：1，分数：8.00)Clinical Trials1 Many clinical trials are done to see if a
17、 new drug or device is safe and effective for people to use. Sometimes clinical trials are used to study different ways to use the standard treatments so they will be more effective, easier to use, and/or decrease side effects. Sometimes, studies are done to learn how to best use the treatment in a
18、different population, such as children, in whom the treatment was not previously tested.2 It is important to test drugs and medical products in the people they are meant to help. It is also important to conduct research in a variety of people because different people may respond differently to treat
19、ments. Some people participate in clinical trials because they have exhausted standard treatment options. Other people participate in trims because they want to contribute to the advancement of medical knowledge. 3 The FDA(食品及药物管理局)works to protect participants in clinical trials and to ensure that
20、people have reliable information as they decide whether to join a clinical trial. Although efforts are made to control the risks to clinical trial participants, some risks may be unavoidable because of the uncertainty inherent (内在的) in medical research studies involving new medical treatments. 4 Peo
21、ple should learn as much as possible about the clinical trials that interest them. They should also feel comfortable discussing their questions and concerns with members of the health care team. Prospective(预期的) participants should understand what happens during the trial, the type of health care th
22、ey will receive, and any costs to them. Anyone considering a clinical trial should al so know that there are benefits and risks associated with participating. A. Why are clinical trials done? B. Where are clinical trials conducted? C. Who should consider clinical trials and why? D. What should peopl
23、e know before participating in a clinical trial? E. What are clinical trials? F. Are clinical trials safe?（分数：8.00）(1).Paragraph 1 _（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).Paragraph 2 _（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).Paragraph 3 _（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).Paragraph 4 _（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(5).A. for some patients B. before participation C. i
24、n humans D. medical knowledge E. during the trialF. candidates for clinical trials New drugs or devices must be tested before being used _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(6).Clinical trials provide the only hope _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(7).Reliable information should be available to _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(8).Learn as much a
25、s you can about a clinical trial _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_四、第 4部分：阅读理解(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、第一篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Human Heart Can Make New CellsSolving a longstanding mystery, scientists have found that the human heart continues to generate new cardiac cells throughout the life span, although the rate of new cell
26、production slows with age.The finding, published in the April 3 issue of Science, could open a new path for the treatment of heart diseases such as heart failure and heart attack, experts say.“We find that the beating cells in the heart, cardiomyocytes, are renewed,“ said lead researcher Dr. Jonas F
27、risen, a professor of stem cell research at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden. “It has previously not been known whether we were limited to the cardiomyocytes we are born with or if they could be renewed,“ he said.The process of renewing these cells changes over time, Frisen added. In a
28、20-year-old, about 1 percent of cardiomyocytes are exchanged each year, but the turnover rate decreases with age to only 0.45 percent by age 75.“If we can understand how the generation of new cardiomyocytes is regulated, it may be potentially possible to develop pharmaceuticals that promote this pro
29、cess to stimulate regeneration after for example, a heart attack, “Frisen said.That could lead to treatment that helps restore damaged hearts.“A lot of people suffer from chronic heart failure,“ noted co-author Dr. Ratan Bhardwaj.Ratan Bhardwaj, also from the Karolinska Institute. “Chronic heart fai
30、lure arises from heart cells dying,“ he said.With this finding, scientists are “opening the door to potential therapies to having ourselves heal ourselves,“ Bhardwaj said. “Maybe one could devise a pharmaceutical agent that would make heart cells make new and more cells to overcome the problem they
31、are facing.“But barriers remain. According to Bhardwaj, scientists do not yet know how to increase heart cell production to a rate that would replace cells faster than they are dying off, especially in older patients with heart failure. In addition, the number of new cells the heart produces was est
32、imated using healthy hearts-whether the rate of cell turnover in diseased hearts is the same remains unknown.（分数：15.00）(1).The human heart stops producing cardiac cells_.A. when a person becomes oldB. as soon as a person gets sickC. immediately after a person is bornD. once a person dies（分数：3.00）A.B
33、.C.D.(2).The finding could prove to be useful to_.A. the analysis of cardiac cellsB. the prevention of chronic diseasesC. the treatment of heart diseaseD. the study of longstanding mysteries（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.(3).In people in their mid-70s, only 0.45 percent of cardiomyocytes_.A. are still functionalB
34、. are reduced each yearC. are replaced each yearD. are damaged each year（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Chronic heart failure is attributed to_.A. the dying heart cellsB. the effect of pharmceuticalC. the weight of a patientD. the life span of a person（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.(5).It is not known yet if the rate of cel
35、l turnover in diseased hearts_.A. s high enough to replace cells faster than theyre dying offB. is of any use to researchersC. is the same as that in healthy heartsD. changes over time（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.六、第二篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Human Heart Can Make New CellsSolving a longstanding mystery, scientists have
36、found that the human heart continues to generate new cardiac cells throughout the life span, although the rate of new cell production slows with age.The finding, published in the April 3 issue of Science, could open a new path for the treatment of heart diseases such as heart failure and heart attac
37、k, experts say.“We find that the beating cells in the heart, cardiomyocytes, are renewed,“ said lead researcher Dr. Jonas Frisen, a professor of stem cell research at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden. “It has previously not been known whether we were limited to the cardiomyocytes we are
38、 born with or if they could be renewed,“ he said.The process of renewing these ceils changes over time, Frisen added. In a 20-year-old, about 1 percent of cardiomyocytes are exchanged each year, but the turnover rate decreases with age to only 0.45 percent by age 75.“If we can understand how the gen
39、eration of new cardiomyocytes is regulated, it may potentially possible to develop pharmaceuticals that promote this process to stimulate regeneration after, for example, a heart attack,“ Frisen said.That could lead to treatment that helps restore damaged hearts. “A lot of people suffer from chronic
40、 heart failure,“ noted co-author Dr. Ratan Bhardwaj, also from the Karolinska Institute. “Chronic heart failure arises from heart cells dying,“ he said.With this finding, scientists are “opening the door to potential therapies to having ourselves heal ourselves,“ Bhardwaj said. “Maybe one could devi
41、se a pharmaceutical agent that would make heart cells make new and more cells to overcome the problem they are facing.“But barriers remain. According to Bhardwaj, scientists do not yet know how to increase heart cell production to a rate that would replace cells faster than they are dying off, espec
42、ially in older patients with heart failure. In addition, the number of new cells the heart produces was estimated using healthy hearts-whether the rate of cell turnover in diseased hearts is the same remains unknown.（分数：15.00）(1).The human heart stops producing cardiac cells _.A. when a person is bo
43、rn B. when a person becomes oldC. when a person gets sick D. when a person dies（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The finding could prove to be helpful to _.A. the study of longstanding mysteries B. the analysis of cardiac cellsC. the prevention of chronic diseases D. the treatment of heart disease（分数：3.00）A.B.C.
44、D.(3).The people whore in their mid-70s, only 0.45 percent of cardiomyocytes _.A. are still functional B. are replaced each yearC. are lost each year D. are damaged each year（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Chronic heart failure is associated with _.A. the death of heart cells B. the life span of a personC. the
45、 effects of pharmaceuticals D. the weight of the patient（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D.(5).It remains unknown whether the rate of cell turnover in diseased hearts _.A. changes over timeB. can be monitoredC. is the same as that in healthy heartsD. is high enough to replace cells faster than theyre dying off（分数：3.0
46、0）A.B.C.D.七、第三篇(总题数：2，分数：16.00)16.It can be seen from the passage that the earths supply of natural medicinesA. may never be exhausted.B. may be dropping rapidly.C. is surprisingly big.D. is as rich-as ever.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.Giving Up SmokingA number of devices are available to help a person quit smo
47、king. Nicotine (尼古丁) patches are small, nicotine-containing adhesive (粘着性的) discs applied to the skin. The nicotine is slowly absorbed through the skin and enters the bloodstream (血流). Over time, the nicotine dose is reduced and eventually the desire for nicotine is eased. Nicotine gum (口香糖) works i
48、n a similar manner, providing small doses of nicotine when chewed (咀嚼).The benefits of giving up smoking include the immediate reduction of harm to the health of the smoker and easier admission to social activities and institutions that ban smoking. In a 1988 report, the U.S. Surgeon General declared cigarette smoking to be more harmful and expensive than the use of cocaine (可卡因), alcohol, or heroin. Recent evidence supports this claim.The United States government has collected a special tax on cigarettes for several decades. The rate rose from 8 cents per pack of 20 ci
