1、职称英语卫生类 A 级-32 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、第 1 部分：词汇选项(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.Ammonia, one of the earliest known nitrogen compounds,was originally produced by distilling organic materials.（分数：1.00）A.massesB.fabricsC.substancesD.liquids2.Compound microscopes have two separate lenses or sets of lenses.（分数
2、：1.00）A.splitB.equalC.detachableD.distinct3.Unlike gases, liquids are difficult to compress because there is practically no free space between molecules.（分数：1.00）A.In contrast toB.Similar toC.More toD.Just as4.The climate and soil as far north as the Arctic Circle permit farmers to raise livestock a
3、nd grow barley, potatoes and other crops.（分数：1.00）A.helpB.allowC.requireD.expect5.The leaves of the eucalyptus tree can be used to make a potent antiseptic that kills harmful bacteria in cuts and scrapes.（分数：1.00）A.naturalB.dangerousC.rareD.tropical6.The object for each player in the game of chess i
4、s to trap the other players king into a position from which escape is impossible.（分数：1.00）A.skillB.aimC.interestD.difficulty7.The governments of most seacoast nations print tidal tables showing the times of the tides at their main ports.（分数：1.00）A.calculateB.describeC.publishD.circulate8.In the Unit
5、ed States,the national flag is usually displayed outdoor between sunrise and sunset.（分数：1.00）A.storedB.foldedC.respectedD.exhibited9.The Olympic Games attempt to transcend national interests and bring together the best international athletes in a spirit of friendly competition and peace.（分数：1.00）A.d
6、ebateB.celebrationC.instructionD.rivalry10.Current hiring policies in the United States seek to provide equal employment opportunities for women and minority groups.（分数：1.00）A.furnishB.demandC.confirmD.continue11.In 1845 Sarah Mather invented a submarine telescope that could be used to locate and st
7、udy underwater objects.（分数：1.00）A.illuminateB.raiseC.findD.examine12.One of the newer conservation projects undertaken by the state of Oklahoma involves flood prevention.（分数：1.00）A.topicsB.programsC.concernsD.schools13.According to the science of aerodynamics,the shape of an object influences the am
8、ount of drag created by air flowing around it.（分数：1.00）A.formB.sizeC.weightD.interior14.Early universities did not originate as institutions, but began instead as collections of scholars.（分数：1.00）A.ratherB.at firstC.appropriatelyD.accidentally15.The moist air of the Pacific Ocean brings a temperate
9、climate to the West Cost of the United States.（分数：1.00）A.chillyB.moderateC.wetD.soothing二、第 2 部分：阅读判断(总题数：1，分数：7.00)What Is Market?The word market is used in a number of ways. There is a stock market and an automobile market,a retail market for furniture and a wholesale market for furniture. One per
10、son may be going to the market:another may plan to market a product. What,then is a market? A market may be defined as a place where buyers and sellers meet, goods or services are offered for sale. and transfers of ownership occur. A market may also be defined as the demand made by a certain group o
11、f potential buyers for a good or service. For instance,there is a farm market for petroleum products. The terms market and demand are often used interchangeably; they may also be used jointly as market demand.These definitions are not sufficiently precise to be useful to us here. For business purpos
12、es we define a market as people or organizations with wants (needs) to satisfy,money to spend, and the willingness to spend it. Thus in the market demand for any given product or service, there are three factors to consider-people or organizations with wants(needs), their purchasing power,and their
13、buying behavior.We shall employ the dictionary definition of needs:the lack of anything that is required, desired,or useful. We do not limit needs to the narrow physiological requirements of food, clothing and shelter essential for survival. In our discussion the words needs and wants are used synon
14、ymously and interchangeably. In a strict interpretation,however,needs would refer to such basic physiological requirements as food,clothing,and shelter, while wants would be non-basic preferences. However,in our affluent society,little is to be gained by trying to differentiate between the two. Many
15、 of us would see as needs some items that are far beyond food, clothing, and shelter.（分数：7.00）(1).Markets can be classified according to what is sold on a market and how goods are sold.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(2).The term “market“ is preferred by sellers while “demand“ is preferred by
16、buyers.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(3).The definition of market for non-business purposes involves three factors:buyers, sellers and goods and services.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(4).The definition of market for business purposes focuses on purchasers.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.No
17、t mentioned(5).“Needs“ and “wants“ mean the same in our discussion.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(6).Strictly speaking,“wants“ refers to peoples emotional needs.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(7).In our rich society,it is pointless to separate peoples needs from their wants.（分数：1.00）A
18、.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned三、第 3 部分：概括大意与完成句子(总题数：2，分数：8.00)Paris1 Paris,the capital and the largest city of the country,is in north central France. The Paris metropolitan area contains nearly 20% of the nations population and is theeconomic, cultural, and political center of France. The French gov
19、ernments have historically favored the city as the site for all decision making,thus powerfully attracting nearly all of the nations activities. 2 Paris has grown steadily since it was chosen as the national capital in the late 10th century. With the introduction of the Industrial Revolution,a great
20、 number of people moved to the city from the country during the 19th century. The migration was especially stimulated by the construction of railroads, which provided easy access to the capital. After World War 1 more and more immigrants arrived.3 The city is the centralized control point of most na
21、tional radio and television broadcasting. It is a place of publication of the most prestigious newspapers and magazines and an international book publishing center. With more than 100 museums,Paris has truly been one of the greatest concentrations of art treasures in the world. The Louvre, opened as
22、 a museum in 1793 ,is one of the largest museums in the world.4 In the late 1980s about 4.1 million pupils annually attended about 47,000 elementary schools. In addition,about 5.4 million students attended some 11,200 secondary schools. Approximately . 2 million students were enrolled annually at un
23、iversities and colleges in France in the late 1980s. French centers of learning have served as academic models throughout the world.5 Paris is the leading industrial center of France,with about one quarter of the nations manufacturing concentrated in the metropolitan are a. Industries of consumer go
24、ods have always been drawn to Paris by the enormous market of the big population,and modern,high-technology industries also have become numerous since World War . Chief manufactures are machinery, automobiles, chemicals and electrical equipment.A. History of the cityB. Industries of the cityC. Popul
25、ation growthD. EducationE. Cultural centerF. Immigration（分数：4.00）(1).Paragraph 2_（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).Paragraph 3_（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).Paragraph 4_（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).Paragraph 5_（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ A. can be found in Paris B. the major events of the nation C. of the countrys industries D. a lot of cinem
26、as and theatres E. has been growing steadily F. has been decreasing rapidly（分数：4.00）(1).Paris has in history been the center of 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).Since the 10th century,the population of Paris 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).Many valuable works of art 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).Paris is not only the center of
27、education of France,but also the center 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_四、第 4 部分：阅读理解(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、第一篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Preventing Child MaltreatmentChild maltreatment is a global problem with serious life-long consequences. There are no reliable global estimates or the prevalence of child maltreatment. Data for
28、 many countries, especially low-and middle-income countries, are lacking.Child maltreatment is complex and difficult to study. Current estimates vary widely depending on the country and the method of research used. Nonetheless, international studies reveal that approximately 20% of women and 5%-10%
29、of men report being Sexually abused as children, while 25%-50% of all children report being physically abused. Additionally, many children are subject to emotional abuse (sometimes referred to as psychological abuse).Every year, there are an estimated 31,000 homicide deaths in children under 15. Thi
30、s number underestimates the true extent of the problem, as a significant proportion of deaths due to child maltreatment are incorrectly attributed to falls, burns and drowning.Child maltreatment causes suffering to children and families and can have long-term consequences. Maltreatment causes stress
31、 that is associated with disruption in early brain development. Extreme stress can impair the development of the nervous and immune systems. Consequently, as adults, maltreated children are at increased risk for behavioural, physical and mental health problems. Via the behavioural and mental health
32、consequences, maltreatment can contribute to heart disease, cancer, suicide and sexually transmitted infections.Beyond the health consequences of child maltreatment, there is an economic impact, including costs of hospitalization, mental health treatment, child welfare, and longer-term health costs.
33、It is important to emphasize that children are the victims and are never to blame for maltreatment. A number of characteristics of an individual child may increase the likelihood of being maltreated, such as being either under four years old or an adolescent, being unwanted, or failing to fulfil the
34、 expectations of parents and having special needs, crying persistently or having abnormal physical features.（分数：15.00）(1).The difficult situation in the global estimates of the child maltreatment is due to the following factors EXCEPT _ according to the passage.（分数：3.00）A.child maltreatment is a glo
35、bal problemB.there is no exact data about low-and mid-income countriesC.there is a shortage of the professional data collectorsD.different scientists use different research methods(2).Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?_（分数：3.00）A.20% of women got sexually abused in t
36、heir childhood.B.25%-50% of all children were reported to have been physically abused.C.25%-50% of children were psychologically abused.D.60%-75% of children were neglected by their parents.(3).Many homicide deaths in children under 15 are wrongly categorized into the following types EXCEPT _ accord
37、ing to the passage.（分数：3.00）A.drowning in swimmingB.diarrheaC.bumsD.falls(4).Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the bad impact caused by child maltreatment?_（分数：3.00）A.The child will behave badly in his memory of his childhood when he grows up.B.Child maltreatment hurts his nervous and immun
38、e systems.C.Child maltreatment damages his early brain development.D.The chiid is easily affected by many diseases in his adulthoo(5).The maltreated children often bear all the following characteristics EXCEPT _ according to the passage.（分数：3.00）A.they frequently and easily cryB.they are in infants
39、or in adolescent periodC.they are often neglected by their parents or friendsD.they often try their best to meet the requirements from their parents六、第二篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)High Stress May Damage MemoryAccording to a report issued in May 1998, elderly people who have consistently high blood levels of co
40、rtisol dont score as well on memory tests as their peers with lower levels of the stress hormone. Whats more, high levels of cortisol are also associated with shrinking of the hippocampus, a region of the brain that plays a key role in learning and memory.The findings suggest that even cortisol leve
41、ls in the normal, “healthy“ range can actually acceIerate brain aging.The study results “now provide substantial evidence that long-term exposure to adrenal stress hormones may promote hippocampal aging in normal elderly humans“, write Nada Porter and Philip Landfield of the University of Kentucky i
42、n Lexington in their editorial. Cortisol is a hormone released in response to stress by the adrenal glands, which sit on top of the kidneys.Over a 5 to 6-year period. Dr. Sonia Lupien and his colleagues measured 24-hour cortisol levels in 51 healthy volunteers, most of whom were in their 70s.Despite
43、 wide variation in cortisol levels, the participants could be divided into three subgroups: those whose cortisol progressively increased over time and was currently high (increasing/high); those whose cortisol progressively increased over time and was currently moderate (increasing/moderate); and su
44、bjects whose cortisol decreased, but was currently moderate (decreasing/moderate).The researchers tested the volunteers memory on six people in the increasing/high category and five people in the decreasing/moderate group. The groups did not differ on tests of immediate memory, but the increasing/hi
45、gh cortisol group had other memory problems compared with those in the decreasing/moderate group.The researchers also found that the total volume of the hippocampus in those in the increasing/high group was 14% lower than those in the decreasing/moderate group, although there were no differences in
46、other brain regions.The results suggest that “ . brain aging can be accelerated by levels of adrenal hormones that are not generally regarded as pathological and that variation within this normal range is related to variation in the rate of brain aging,“ write Porter and Landfield. “This further sug
47、gests that chronic stress may accelerate the worsening of hippocampus. /（分数：15.00）(1).The part of the brain important for a persons learning and memory is_（分数：3.00）A.the cortisolB.the adrenal glandsC.the stress hormonesD.the hippocampus(2).When the levels of cortisol go higher, the hippocampus in th
48、e brain may_.（分数：3.00）A.become largerB.become smallerC.be missingD.be totally damaged(3).According to the article, when people feel too worried or nervous or when they overwork,_.（分数：3.00）A.the adrenal glands will produce a streets hormoneB.the kidneys will produce adrenal glandsC.the hippocampus wi
49、ll produce high levels of cortisol in the bloodD.the cortisol will produce something that makes a poorer memory(4).When the total volume of the hippocampus becomes smaller, other brain regions_.（分数：3.00）A.become smaller tooB.become largerC.may remain the same in sizeD.may be damaged(5).Porter and Landfields research shows that_.（分数：3.00）A.the change in the levels of a
