1、职称英语卫生类 A级-31 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、第 1部分：词汇选项(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.Acculturation is a process whereby the members of one culture adopt the customs of another.（分数：1.00）A.spreadB.regulateC.take onD.count on2.The walrus uses its tusks to dig food from the ocean bottom.（分数：1.00）A.floorB.environment
2、C.islandsD.waves3.The League of Women Voters is a nonpartisan organization that promotes informed active public participation in government.（分数：1.00）A.amateurB.organizedC.educatedD.dedicated4.Many city dwellers are turning vacant lots into thriving gardens.（分数：1.00）A.costlyB.emptyC.smallD.shady5.The
3、 recycling of aluminum conserves ninety-five percent of the energy needed to make new metal.（分数：1.00）A.cleaningB.reprocessingC.resellingD.crushing6.The representative was asked to verify his earlier statement.（分数：1.00）A.confirmB.withdrawC.repeatD.modify7.Scott seized the opportunity to present his p
4、roposal to the director.（分数：1.00）A.realizedB.graspedC.renderedD.delivered8.Hens laying eggs need plenty of nourishing food.（分数：1.00）A.eatB.requireC.findD.use9.Color changes in chameleons seem to be caused by environmental temperature as well as by other external stimuli.（分数：1.00）A.oughtB.haveC.appea
5、rD.used10.Columbus discovered America while seeking a trade route to Indi（分数：1.00）A.A. mappingB. hoping forC. searching forD. finding11.A result of nuclear explosion,fallout is the descent of minute particles of radioactive materiaI through the atmosphere.（分数：1.00）A.chargedB.heavyC.tinyD.lost12.Marg
6、aret Avison, one of Canadas finest poets, has remained outside the mainstream of recognized writers.（分数：1.00）A.thrivedB.stayedC.reappearedD.published13.The Social Insurance Number(SIN) card is the primary mode of identification for Canadians.（分数：1.00）A.principalB.originalC.priorD.sole14.National for
7、ests make money for the government through the sale of trees for lumber.（分数：1.00）A.earnB.printC.tradeD.borrow15.Engineers use the principles of aerodynamics in designing airplanes and other objects affected by aerodynamic forces.（分数：1.00）A.lawsB.movementsC.studiesD.products二、第 2部分：阅读判断(总题数：1，分数：7.00
8、)Dining CustomEvery land has its own dining custom, and the United States is no exception. Americans feel that the first rule of being a polite guest is to be on time. If a person is invited to dinner at 6:30,the hostess expects him to be there at 6.30 or not more than a few minutes after. Because s
9、he usually does her own cooking, she times the meal so that the coffee and meat will be at their best at the time she asks the guest to come. If he is late, the food will not be so good, and the hostess will be disappointed. When the guest cannot come on time,he calls his host or hostess on the tele
10、phone, gives the reason, and tells at what time he thinks he can come.As guests continue to arrive,the men in the group stand when a woman enters and remain standing until she has found a chair. A man always rises when he is being introduced to a woman. A woman does not rise when she is being introd
11、uced either to a man or a woman unless the woman is much older.When the guests sit down at a dinner table, it is customary for the men to help the ladies by pushing their chairs under them.Even an American may be confused by the number of knives,forks,and spoons beside his plate when he sits down to
12、 a formal dinner. The rule is simple, however.use them in the order in which they lie, beginning from the outside. Or watch the hostess and do what she does. The small fork on the outside on the left is for salad, which is often served with the soup . The spoon on the outside at the right is for sou
13、p, and so on. Sometimes there is a separate little knife,called a butter spreader, on a small bread-and-butter plate at the left. As the bread is passed, each guest puts his piece on the bread-and-butter plate.（分数：7.00）(1).As a country of immigrants, the U. S. does not have its own dining customs.（分
14、数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(2).The guest is expected to arrive on time because the coffee and meat will be at their best at the time he is required to come.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(3).A woman usually rises when she is being introduced to an aged gentleman.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.Wro
15、ngC.Not mentioned(4).At a dinner table,it is customary for the men to arrange chairs for ladies.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(5).At formal American dinner,the knives,forks,and spoons beside the plate are placed in a certain order.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(6).The right order to
16、use the knives,forks and spoons at a formal dinner is from the left to the right.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(7).At a formal dinner,bread is usually served together with salad and soup.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned三、第 3部分：概括大意与完成句子(总题数：2，分数：8.00)How did English Become a Global Lan
17、guage?1 The rise of English is a remarkable tale as Professor David Crystal reminds us in his attractive, short book “English as a Global Language. “2 It is certainly quite a theme. When Julius Caesar landed in Britain more than 2,000 years ago,English did not exist. Five hundred years later, Englis
18、h, virtually incomprehensible to modern ears,was probably spoken by about as few people as currently speak Cherokee, the language of a small North American Indian tribe and with as little influence. About 1,000 years later, at the end of the 16th century,and after the Norman Conquest, the Reformatio
19、n and the arrival of commercial printing technology,English was the native speech of between 5 million and 7 million people. And yet now look at it. As the second millennium approaches, English is more widely scattered, more widely spoken and written than any other language has ever been. In the tit
20、le of the book it has become a truly global language. According to David Crystal,about 2.09 billion people,well over one-third of the worlds population are routinely exposed to it.3 As he rightly points out,what is impressive about this staggering figure is “not so much the grand total but the speed
21、 with which expansion has taken place since the 1950s. In 1950, the case for English as a world language would have been no more than plausible. Fifty years on and the case is virtually won. “4 So what happened?5 Someone once said that a language is a dialect with an army and a navy. In other words,
22、 when the British navy set out to conquer the world,it set out an “army“ of English speakers. As the British empire spread throughout the world, English became the basis of law commerce and education. The British empire was succeeded by another (the American) ,which shared virtually the same linguis
23、tic heritage. American English, which has become the rocket-fuel of the English language, has magically found its way into areas undreamed of 40, let alone 400 years ago.6 The most valuable part of Crystals study is the section devoted to a speedy analysis of the cultural basis of this global reach,
24、 notably the influence of broadcasting, press, advertising, popular music and film. He is also up-to-date and informative in his identification of the WorldWide-Web as a powerful reinforcer of American cultural and linguistic dominance.7 One of his most interesting passages concerns the role played
25、by the League of Nations,and later the United Nations, in spreading English as an international language in the aftermath of the two world wars.8 What does the future hold? To this question, Crystal proposes the recognition of a new form of English-WSSE(World Standard Spoken English)-which almost by
26、 definition rules out the possibility that English would fragment into mutually unintelligible languages as Latin once did . “English,in some shape or form,will find itself in the service of the world community forever, “Crystal writes. A. The future of English B. The speed of the spread of English
27、C. The role played by culture and the net D. The role played by military expansion E. The role played by education F. The 2,000 years of English（分数：4.00）(1).Paragraph 2_（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).Paragraph 3_（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).Paragraph 5_（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).Paragraph 6_（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ A. because of thei
28、r similarity B. that we would not be able to understand it at all C. to the popularization of English as a world language D. the trend to become a global language E. what once happened to Latin F. but the speed with which（分数：4.00）(1).The kind of English spoken 1,500 years ago was so different from t
29、he English we speak today 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).What impresses people most is not the increasing number of speakers of English found all over the world, 1 the language has spread in the past half century or so.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).The two international organizations founded after the two world was ma
30、de their contributions 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).Crystal expresses the belief that in the future 1 will not happen to English.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_四、第 4部分：阅读理解(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、第一篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Exercise Can Replace Insulin for Elderly DiabeticsMost older people with so-called type diabetes could stop taking
31、 insulin if they would do brisk exercise for 30 minutes just three times a week, according to new medical research results reported in the Copenhagen newspaper Berlingske Tidende on Monday.Results from tests conducted on diabetics at the Copenhagen Central Hospital Rigshospitalets Center for Muscle
32、Research showed that physical exercise can boost the bodys ability to utilise insulin by 30 per cent, the newspaper reported.This is equal to the effect most elderly diabetics get from their insulin medication today, it said.Researchers had a group of non-diabetic men and a group of men with type II
33、, all more than 60 years of age, exercise on bicycles six times a week for three months. After the three months the doctors measured how much sugar the test subjects muscles could utilise as a measure for how well their insulin worked.Associate Professor Dr. Flemming Dela of the Muscle Research Cent
34、er said the tests demonstrated that the exercising diabetics had just as high insulin utilization as the healthy non-exercising persons.“This means that the insulin works just as well for both groups. Physical exercise cannot cure people of diabetes, but it can eliminate almost all their symptoms. A
35、t the same time it can put off the point at which they have to begin taking insulin or perhaps completely avoid insulin treatment,“ Dela was quoted as saying.Insulin isa hormone produced by the pancreas, controlling sugar in the body and used against diabetes.Dela said that to achieve the desired ef
36、fect diabetics need only exercise to the point where they begin to work up a sweat, but that the activity has to be maintained since it wears off after five days without sufficient exercise.Most diabetics realize that they have to watch their diet while remaining unaware of the importance of exercis
37、e, Dela added.（分数：15.00）(1).How could most elderly type II diabetics stop taking insulin?_（分数：3.00）A.By taking more salt than usual.B.By taking less salt than usual.C.By doing brisk exercise for half an hour at least three times a week.D.By going climbing, swimming or boxing every day.(2).Physical e
38、xercise may increase the body ability to utilise insulin by_.（分数：3.00）A.70 per centB.30 per centC.60 per centD.only a few per cent(3).The subjects of the research tests conducted at the Copenhagen Central Hospital included_.（分数：3.00）A.elderly non-diabetic menB.elderly type diabetic mereC.both sexes
39、of all agesD.both A and B(4).To what a degree have diabetics to exercise in order to achieve the desired effect?_（分数：3.00）A.To the degree where they begin to sweat.B.To the degree where they feel exhausted.C.To the point when they reel thirsty.D.To the point when they have to take insulin.(5).Accord
40、ing to Dela, among most diabetics the importance of exercise is _ the importance of watching their diet.（分数：3.00）A.as poorly understood asB.as well understood asC.less understood thanD.better understood than六、第二篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)CorporationsA corporation is a firm owned by one or more individuals who
41、 own shares of stock that define ownership and rights to profits. Liability is limited to the value of corporation assets. Although corporations constitute the smallest category of business organization in the United States, they conduct most of the business. In 1998. corporations accounted for just
42、 19 percent of the total number of firms in the economy but 90 percent of total business revenuers. From these numbers we can infer that many large firms are corporations and that this form of business organization possesses certain advantages over the proprietorship and the partnership in conductin
43、g large-scale production and marketing.In a corporation, ownership is divided into equal parts called shares of stock. Shares are the equal portions into which ownership of a corporation is divided. If any stockholder dies or sells out to a new owner, the existence of the business organization is no
44、t terminated or endangered as it is in a proprietorship or partnership. For this reason the corporation is said to possess the feature of continuity(连续性).Another feature that makes the corporation radically different from other forms of business organization is share transferability-the right of own
45、ers to transfer their shares by sale or gift without having to obtain the permission of other shareholders(股东). For many large organizations, shares of stock are traded on a stock market such as the New York Stock Exchange. Other corporations, however, are smaller, and their shares are traded so sel
46、dom that they are not even listed on formal stock exchanges. The shares of these firms are traded by independent stockbrokers(股票经纪人) on the over-the-counter market.Share transferability is the most economically important feature of the corporation; in fact, share transferability is one reason for th
47、e origin of the corporation. It allows owners and managers to specialize, increasing efficiency and profitability in the firm. Owners of stock in a corporation do not need to be concerned with the day-to-day operations of the firm. All that owners need to do is observe the changing price of the firm
48、s shares on the stock market to decide whether the company is being competently managed if they are dissatisfied with the performance of the company, they can sell their stock. Managers, on the other hand , specialize in reviewing the day-to-day operations of the corporation.Still another feature of
49、 the corporation is limited liability. Corporate shareholders are responsible for the debts or liabilities of the corporation only to the extent that they have invested in it. Many investors prefer investments in which their risk of personal loss is strictly limited; the amount of direct investment in corporations is therefore increased as a result of the limited liability involved.（分数：15.00）(
