1、职称英语卫生类 A级-29 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、第 1部分：词汇选项(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.Genetics is the study of the biological factors that influence heredity and determine variation in living things.（分数：1.00）A.duplicateB.affectC.clarifyD.improve2.Evolution has hardly changed the horseshoe crab over millions of ye
2、ars.（分数：1.00）A.carefullyB.probablyC.scarcelyD.slowly3.The atmosphere,a narrow band of gases surrounding the Earth,is maintained by gravitational pull.（分数：1.00）A.clearB.freezingC.thinD.poisonous4.There are notices to the contrary,a great deal of technical writing is at best awkward and at worst actua
3、lly unclear.（分数：1.00）A.denialsB.lawsC.attemptsD.ideas5.Grouping stars by constellations is a handy way of mapping the sky.（分数：1.00）A.niceB.funnyC.manualD.convenient6.Structurally,the inside of early Christian churches was simple.（分数：1.00）A.layoutB.designC.interiorD.content7.Seasonal variations in ti
4、des are due mainly to the gravitational pull of the moon.（分数：1.00）A.merelyB.mostlyC.likewiseD.somewhat8.Enamel,the hardest substance in a human beings body,covers the entire crown of the tooth.（分数：1.00）A.wholeB.inseparableC.superficialD.main9.Glassmaking was the first major industry in the United St
5、ates.（分数：1.00）A.profitableB.productiveC.sizableD.specialized10.It is difficult to get young people to plan for their old age, which seems very distant to them.（分数：1.00）A.impossibleB.farawayC.observableD.fearful11.An oyster produces a pearl by coating a grain of sand inside its shell with nacre, a se
6、cretion of its body.（分数：1.00）A.makesB.attainsC.bindsD.cures12.Every country represented in the Olympics has a National Olympic Committee that selects the athletes who compete in the games.（分数：1.00）A.choosesB.honorsC.supportsD.trains13.Although fish have no vocal organs,they still are able to make no
7、ises.（分数：1.00）A.signalsB.bubblesC.soundsD.ripples14.Written records seldom tell social scientists all that they want to know about past cultures.（分数：1.00）A.usuaIlyB.frequentlyC.hardly everD.never15.The polar regions are generally covered with ice and snow.（分数：1.00）A.areasB.rocksC.mountainsD.seas二、第
8、2部分：阅读判断(总题数：1，分数：7.00)Step Back in TimeDo you know that we live a lot longer now than the people who were born before us? One hundred years ago the average woman lived to be 45. But now, she can live until at least 80.One of the main reasons for people living longer is that we know how to look afte
9、r ourselves better. We know which foods are good for us and what we have to eat to make sure our bodies get all the healthy things they need. We know why we sometimes get ill and what to do to get better again. And we know how important it is to do lots of exercise to keep our hearts beating healthi
10、ly.But in order that we dont slip back into bad habits, lets have a look at what life was like 100 years ago.Families had between 15 and 20 children, although many babies didnt live long. Children suffered from lots of diseases, especially rickets (佝偻病) and scurvy (坏血病), which are both caused by bad
11、 diets. This is because many families were very poor and not able to feed their children well.Really poor families who lived in crowded cities like London and Manchester often slept standing up, bending over a piece of string, because there was no room for them to lie down.People didnt have ridges u
12、ntil the 1920s. They kept fresh food cold by storing it on windowsills (窗台板), blocks of ice, or even burying it in the garden.Some children had to start work at the age of seven or eight to earn money for their parents. If you had lived 100 years ago, you might well be selling matchsticks (火柴杆) (a j
13、ob done by many children) or working with your dad by now.（分数：7.00）(1).On average women lived longer than men 100 years ago.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(2).People now enjoy longer lives for unknown reasons.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(3).A hundred years ago many kids died at an e
14、arly age.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(4).Poor diets can lead to such diseases as rickets and scurvy.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(5).People in the past preferred standing up to lying down when sleeping.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(6).An Englishman invented the ridge in t
15、he 1920s.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(7).Life was not easy for many children living 100 years ago.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned三、第 3部分：概括大意与完成句子(总题数：2，分数：8.00)Transport and Trade1 Transport is one of the aids to trade. By moving goods from places where they are plentiful to places
16、 where they are scarce, transport adds to their value. The more easily goods can be brought over the distance that separates producer and consumer, the better for trade. When there were no railways, no good roads, no canals, and only small sailing ships, trade was on a small scale.2 The great advanc
17、es made in transport during the last two hundred years were accompanied by a big increase in trade. Bigger and faster ships enabled a trade in meat to develop between Britain and New Zealand, for instance. Quicker transport makes possible mass-production and big business, drawing supplies from, and
18、selling goods to, all parts of the globe. Big factories could not exist without transport to carry the large number of workers they need to and from their homes. Big city stores could not have developed unless customers could travel easily from the suburbs and goods delivered to their homes. Big cit
19、ies could not survive unless food could be brought from a distance.3 Transport also prevents waste. Much of the fish landed at the ports would be wasted if it could not be taken quickly to inland towns. Transport has given us a much greater variety of foods and goods since we no longer have to live
20、on what is produced locally. Foods which at one time could be obtained only during a part of the year can now be obtained all through the year. Transport has raised the standard of living.4 By moving fuel,raw materials,and even power,as ,for example,through electric cables, transport has led to the
21、establishment of industries and trade in areas where they would have been impossible before. Districts and countries can concentrate on making things which they can do better and more cheaply than others and can then exchange them with one another. The cheaper and quicker transport becomes, the long
22、er the distance over which goods can profitably be carried. Countries with poor transport have a lower standard of living.5 Commerce requires not only the moving of goods and people but also the carrying of messages and information. Means of communication, like telephones, cables and radio, send inf
23、ormation about prices, supplies, and changing conditions in different parts of the world. In this way, advanced communication systems also help to develop trade. A. Higher living standard B. Importance of transport in trade C. Various means of transport D. Birth of transport-related industries and t
24、rade E. Role of information in trade F. Public transportation（分数：4.00）(1).Paragraph 2_（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).Paragraph 3_（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).Paragraph 4_（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).Paragraph 5_（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ A. to send goods to various parts of the world B. at any time during the year C. has greatly promoted
25、 trade D. is it possible to produce on a large scale E. the transport of goods F. it is possible to produce on a large scale（分数：4.00）(1).The development of modern means of transport 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).Only when goods can be carried to all parts of the world quickly 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).Transport
26、 has made it possible for people to eat whatever food they want 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).In the trade of modern society the transmission of information plays as important a role as 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_四、第 4部分：阅读理解(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、第一篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Cooking Oil Fumes Cause TumorThe leading cause of lung c
27、ancer among women in the city was cooking oil fumes while men are more likely to develop the disease from smoking, said medical experts after a five-year research study.Doctors announced the results yesterday with analysis on some new tendencies in lung cancer. They said patients are younger, especi
28、ally women.According to the Shanghai Tumor research Institute, more local residents die of lung cancer in the city than anything else. Following breast cancer, it has the second-highest incidence rate.“An unhealthy lifestyle is a very important reason for lung cancer,“ said Dr He Yumin from Shanghai
29、 Minshen Traditional Chinese Medicine Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Center.He followed 2,276 lung cancer patients for five years. Among them, 1,433 were male.Smoking causes 70 percent of cases among men while only 18 percent of female patients developed cancer from smoking or inhaling second-hand sm
30、oke, according to the report.However, more than 60 percent of women with the disease had long term, close contact with strong oil fumes from cooking and complained about irritated eyes and throat.About 32 percent of women fried foods in boiling oil in unventilated kitchens and about 25 percent of wo
31、mens bedrooms were adjacent to the kitchen.However, local women were surprised to learn cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer. Some claimed they may change food preparation methods.“Unless my family and I dont eat at home every day, I must stay in the kitchen to cook,“ said Xu Li, a 45-year-old loc
32、al woman. “I know the fumes are bad for the skin, but it is the first time I heard that it can result in lung cancer. I have already started frying less. “Doctors said womens lung cancer had few links to personal health and physical condition, but was closely related to family cancer history, unheal
33、thy dietary habits and weak immune systems.Other experts agreed with He.“Smoking is by far the biggest cause of lung cancer for men,“ said Dr Tan Binyong, honorary president of the Respiratory Disease Institute at Fudan Universitys Medical College. “Its true that second-hand smoke and cooking fumes
34、are the main causes among women. “Hes research also warned people not to stand near of stalls selling fried foods due to the poor quality of oils used.The chance of catching lung cancer is three times higher if exposed to the fume for a long time, experts said.（分数：15.00）(1).What a new tendency in lu
35、ng cancer is concluded by the researchers?_（分数：3.00）A.Men are more likely to develop lung cancer than women.B.Women are more likely to develop lung cancer than men.C.Patients with lung cancer become older, especially males.D.Patients with lung cancer become younger, especially females.(2).Which of t
36、he following diseases is the most common among the local residents in Shanghai?_（分数：3.00）A.Heart disease.B.Breast cancer.C.Infectious diseases.D.Lung cancer.(3).What symptoms may be complained of by most women with lung cancer after long term. Close contact with cooking oil fumes?_（分数：3.00）A.Irritat
37、ed eyes and throat.B.Severe pain in both lungs.C.Continuous cough and headache.D.Difficulty in breathin(4).What was the local womens reaction when they learned that cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer?_（分数：3.00）A.Happy.B.Surprised.C.Angry.D.Careless.(5).Which of the following has relatively littl
38、e connection with womens lung cancer?_（分数：3.00）A.Family cancer history.B.Unhealthy dietary habits.C.Weak immune systems.D.Personal health and physical condition.六、第二篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Some People do not Taste Salt Like OthersLow-salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others, according t
39、o a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences food scientist. The research indicates that genetic factors influence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat.Those conclusions are important because recent, well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food have
40、 left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others, pointed out John Hayes, assistant professor of food science, who was lead investigator on the study.Diets high in salt can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke. That is why pub
41、lic health experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eat. This study increases understanding of salt preference and consumption.The research involved 87 carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such
42、as soup and chips, on multiple occasions, spread out over weeks. Test subjects were 45 men and 42 women, reportedly healthy, ranging in age from 20 to 40 years. The sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes. They rated the in
43、tensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale, ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind.“Most of us like the taste of salt. However, some individuals eat more salt, both because they like the taste of saltiness more, and also because it is needed to block other unplea
44、sant tastes in food,“ said Hayes. “Supertasters, people who experience tastes more intensely, consume more salt than do nontasters. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor, and at least for these foods, more is better, so the supertasters seem to like them more. “However, supertasters als
45、o need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese, Hayes noted. “For example, cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented milk, but also bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt,“ he said. “A supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasan
46、t because the bitterness is too pronounced. “Hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticist named Blakeslee, showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain chemicals. As a result, Hayes explained, we know that a wide range in taste acuity
47、exists, and this variation is as normal as variations in eye and hair color.“Some people, called supertasters, describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter, while others, called nontasters, find these same bitter compounds to be tasteless or only weary bitter,“ he said. “Response to bitter co
48、mpounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because supertasting is not limited to bitterness. /（分数：15.00）(1).In paragraph 2, John Hayes points out that_.（分数：3.00）A.many people reject low-salt food completelyB.it is good to health to eat food without saltC.food
49、with reduced salt tastes betterD.many people accept low-salt tasteless food reluctantly(2).The fourth paragraph describes briefly_.（分数：3.00）A.how to identify supertasters and nontastersB.how to select subjects and what to do in the researchC.why to select more male subjects than female onesD.why to limit the number of subjects to 87 persons(3).The article argues that supertasters_
