1、职称英语卫生类 A级-18 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、第 1部分：词汇选项(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.Although Peter is only 25 years old, he earns a large income. A. respectful B. respectable C. respective D. respected（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.2.I caught sight of her in the crowd. A. saw B. glanced C. stared D. skimmed（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.3
2、.She was dressed in a plain brown blouse. A. common B. simple C. dull D. pretty（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.4.China has made remarkable achievements in its reform and opening-up program. A. improvements B. entertainments C. accomplishments D. appointments（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.5.Edwards admitted to being a spy for th
3、e KGB in 1980s. A. recognized B. proved C. confessed D. testified（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.6.Knowing that I had been out of work now, they were unwilling to lend me money. A. unhappy B. ready C. prepared D. reluctant（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.7.It was difficult to set a date which was convenient for everyone. A. decid
4、e B. arrange C. provide D. choose（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.8.I have heard this tune before, but I dont know the words to the song. A. theme B. rhyme C. melody D. lyric（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.9.The Peoples Republic of China was established in 1949. A. founded B. started C. improved D. built（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.10.The Wh
5、ite House, situated in Washington D.C., is well-known as the official home of the president of the US. A. located B. placed C. built D. stablished（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.11.Heavy pressure at work may account for his strange behavior. A. calculate B. tell C. suggest D. explain（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.12.All the car
6、s are tested for defects before leaving the factory A. functions B. faults C. motions D. parts（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.13.Do you fancy going to the public house? A. toilet B. theatre C. department store D. pub（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.14.Many scientists have been probing psychological problems. A. solving B. explori
7、ng C. settling D. handling（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.15.Tom searched his pockets looking for the keys. A. went on B. was after C. went through D. cleared up（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.二、第 2部分：阅读判断(总题数：1，分数：7.00)Irish Dolphins may Have a Unique DialectIrish scientists monitoring dolphins living in a river estuary in the
8、southwest of the country believe they may have developed a unique dialect to communicate with each other.The Shannon Dolphin and Wildlife Foundation (SDWF) has been studying a group of up to 120 bottle-nose dolphins in the River Shannon using vocalizations collected on a computer in a cow shed near
9、the River Shannon.As part of a research project, student Ronan Hickey digitized and analyzed a total of 1,882 whistles from the Irish dolphins and those from the Welsh dolphins on a computer and separated them into six fundamental whistle types and 32 different categories. Of the categories, he foun
10、d most were used by both sets of dolphins but eight were only heard from the Irish dolphins.“We are building up a catalogue of the different whistle types they use and trying to associate them with behavior like foraging, resting, socializing and the communications of groups with calves,“ project le
11、ader Simon Berrow said. “Essentially we are building up what is like a dictionary of words they use or sounds they make.“Berrow, a marine biologist, said the dolphins clicks are used to find their way around and locate prey. The whistles are communications. “They do a whole range of other sounds lik
12、e barks, groans and a kind of gunshot,“ he said. “The gunshot is an intense pulse of sound. Sperm whales use it to stun their prey.“When I first heard it I was surprised as I thought sperm whales were the only species who used it. We can speculate the dolphins are using it for the same reason as the
13、 sperm whales,“ Berrow said.References in local legend indicate there have been dolphins in the Shannon estuary for generations and they may even have been resident there as far back as the 6th century.They are regularly seen by passengers on the Shannon ferry and an estimated 25,000 tourists every
14、year take special sightseeing tours on local boats to visit them.（分数：7.00）(1).The difference in eating habits between the bottle-nose dolphins and the sperm whales interested the SDWF scientists.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(2).Ronan Hickey analyzed almost 2000 different dialects of the bot
15、tle-nose dolphins.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(3).Of the 32 categories, eight were produced only by the Irish dolphins.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(4).Whistles could also be used to communicate between adult dolphins and baby dolphins,（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(5).Spe
16、rm whales can produce stronger ultrasonic waves to kill their prey than dolphins.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(6).As early as the 6th century, Irish fishermen started raising dolphins in the Shannon estuary.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(7).Irish dolphins attract tourists and over 2
17、5,000 people come to see them every year.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned三、第 3部分：概括大意与完成句子(总题数：2，分数：8.00)Female leaders face up to crisis1 During the recession (经济衰退), German Chancellor Angela Merkel, 55, announced a 50-billion-euro stimulus package (经济刺激计划) for her country earlier this year,
18、saying it would boost growth and protect jobs in Europes biggest economy. The package includes 17-18 billion euros in investment in roads and schools and 9 billion euros in tax cuts for companies and individuals. Critics slarmmed (猛烈抨击) the measure as too little, too late to haul Germany out of a re
19、cession.2 At the end of last year, US President-elect Obama picked Mary Schapiro, 53, a regulator he said was “both smart and tough,“ to head the Securities and Exchange Commission (证券交易委员会). Soon after taking the post, she merged the regulatory operations of the National Association of Securities D
20、ealers and the New York Stock Exchange to reduce costly duplications.3 On the first day of last month, Johanna Sigurdardottir, 66, was sworn in as the first female premier of Iceland. Her first act was to rework the cabinet, shrinking it from 12 to 10 seats. “All the ministers in my cabinet must wor
21、k fast, take firm action and accept responsibility for their actions,“ Sigurdardottir said, according to the New York Times.4 Argentine President Cristina Fernandez, 56, is considered a tough female politician. To boost the economy during the international financial crisis, she announced an investme
22、nt plan at the end of last year worth 71 billion Argentine pesos (135 billion yuan). The investment is mainly intended for the construction industry, schools and houses. A. The Ministers in the Cabinet B. German Chancellor C. The First Female Premier of Iceland D. Argentine President E. US President
23、 F. Head the Securities and Exchange Commission（分数：4.00）(1).Paragraph 1_（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).Paragraph 2_（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).Paragraph 3_（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).Paragraph 4_（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ A. merging the regulatory operations of NASD and NYSE B. for the construction industry, schools and houses C. to sh
24、rink the cabinet D. as too little, too late to help Germany out of a recession E. as a tough female leader F. reducing costly duplications（分数：4.00）(1).Critics regarded Angela Merkels measur 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).What Mary Schapiro did after taking post aims at 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).Johanna Sigurdard
25、ottirs first act was 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).The investment plan announced by Cristina Fernandez intended 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_四、第 4部分：阅读理解(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、第一篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Do Patients Trust Doctors Too MuchEarlier this year, the American College of Surgeons, the national scientific and educational org
26、anization of surgeons conducted a nationwide survey that found that the average patient devotes an hour or less to researching his or her surgery or surgeon. While prospective patients worry about the costs or complications of an operation, they dont necessarily look for information that would addre
27、ss their concerns.In fact, more than a third of patients who had an operation in the last five years never reviewed the credentials of the surgeon who operated. Patients are more likely to spend time researching a job change (on average, about 10 hours) or a new car (8 hours) than the operation they
28、 are about to submit to or the surgeon who wields (支配) the knife. And many patients are satisfied with the answers they receive from their surgeons or primary care doctors, whoever those individuals happen to be.I felt curious about the survey, so I called Dr. Thomas Russell, executive director of t
29、he American College of Surgeons. “There is a tendency for patients not to get particularly involved and not to feel compelled to look into their surgery or surgeons.“ he told me.There are consequences to that kind of blind trust. “Today, medicine and surgery are really team sports.“ Dr. Russell cont
30、inued, “and the patient, as the ultimate decision maker, is the most important member of the team. Mistakes can happen, and patients have to be educated and must understand what is going on. “In other words, a healthy doctor-patient relationship does not simply entail good bedside manners and respon
31、sible office management on the part of the doctor. It also requires that patients come to the relationship educated about their doctors, their illnesses and their treatment.“If we are truly going to reform the health care system in the US,“ Dr. Russell said, “everybody has to participate actively an
32、d must educate themselves. That means doctors, nurses, other health care professionals, lawyers pharmaceutical companies, and insurance companies. But most of all, it means the patient.“Trust is important. But as Sir Francis Bacon, who was among the first to understand the importance of gathering da
33、ta in science, once observed, knowledge is power.（分数：15.00）(1).According to the author, patients should spend more time_.（分数：3.00）A.researching the American College of SurgeonsB.researching their surgery or surgeonsC.researching new carsD.researching job changes(2).Nowadays patients seem to have_.（分
34、数：3.00）A.too much trust in their doctorsB.too much information about their doctorsC.too little faith in their doctorsD.a healthy relationship with their doctors(3).Medicine and surgery are now really team sports in which_.（分数：3.00）A.patients and doctors play equally important rolesB.the patient does
35、 not have an active role to playC.doctors have the final say in almost everythingD.the patient has the most important role to play(4).It is wrong to think that a healthy doctor-patient relationship_.（分数：3.00）A.is dependent just on the doctorB.is a goal that can be achievedC.entails any effort on the
36、 part of the patientD.is what the patient truly desires(5).The author does NOT believe in_.（分数：3.00）A.lots of scientific dataB.Francis BaconC.blind trustD.too much knowledge六、第二篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)CT Scans and Lung CancerSmall or slow-growing nodules (小结节) discovered on a lung scan are unlikely to deve
37、lop into tumors over the next two years, researchers reported on Wednesday.The findings reported in the New England Journal of Medicine, could help doctors decide when to do more aggressive testing for lung cancer. They could also help patients avoid unnecessarily aggressive and potentially harmful
38、testing when lesions (损伤) found.Lung cancer, the biggest cancer killer in the United States and globally, is often not diagnosed until it has spread. It kills 159,000 people a year in the United States alone.The work is part of a larger effort to develop guidelines to help doctors decide what to do
39、when such growths, often discovered by accident, appear in a scan.High-tech X-rays called CT scans can detect tumors-but they see all sorts of other blobs (模糊的一团) that are not tumors, and often the only way to tell the difference is to take a biopsy (活检), a dangerous procedure.At the moment, routine
40、 lung cancer screening is considered impractical because of its high cost and because too many healthy people are called back for further testing.Good guideline could help make lung cancer screening practical, Dr. Rob van Kiaveren of the Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, who led
41、the new study, said in a telephone interview.The team looked at 7, 557 people at high risk for lung cancer because they were current and former smokers. All received multidetector (多层螺旋) CT scans that measured the size of any suspicious-looking modules.Volunteers who had nodules over 9.7 mm in width
42、, or had growth of 4.6 mm that grew fast enough to more than double in volume every 400 days, were sent for further testing. Of the 196 people who fell into that category, 70 were found to have lung cancer, 10 additional cases were found years later.But of the 7, 361 who tested negative during scree
43、ning only 20 lung cancer cases later developed.In a second round of screening done one year after the first, 1.8 percent were sent to the doctor because they had a nodule that was large or fast-growing. More than half turned out to have lung cancer.The result means that if the screening test says yo
44、u dont have lung cancer, you probably dont, the researcher said. “The chances of finding lung cancer one and two years after a negative first-round test were 1 in 1,000 and 3 in 1,000 respectively, “they concluded.（分数：15.00）(1).The new study indicates that in case of small or slow-growing lung nodul
45、es_.（分数：3.00）A.you cannot be too carefulB.cancer is just matter of timeC.a biopsy is unnecessaryD.more aggressive testing is a must(2).Which is probably NOT true of lung cancer?（分数：3.00）A.Smokers are usually considered to be at high risk for it.B.It is the leading cause of cancer deaths around the w
46、orld.C.159,000 new cases of it are diagnosed in the US each year.D.It often goes unnoticed until it has sprea(3).According to the passage, good guidelines for lung cancer screening_.（分数：3.00）A.are a little bit too costlyB.do not exist yetC.are being implementedD.have been developed(4).All the follow
47、ing statements are true EXCEPT_.（分数：3.00）A.a relatively small number of the volunteers had large or fast-growing nodulesB.almost all those with large or fast-growing nodules were found to have lung cancerC.all the volunteers were at high risk for lung cancerD.most of the volunteers tested negative d
48、uring screening(5).In the eyes of the researchers the percentages given in the last paragraph _.（分数：3.00）A.are somewhat inaccurateB.are pretty smallC.are rather highD.are quite unbelievable七、第三篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Eat Healthy“Clean your plate!“ and “Be a member of the clean-plate club!“ Just about every
49、 kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparent. Often, its accompanied by an appeal: “Just think about those starving orphans in Africa!“ Sure, we should be grateful for every bite of food. Unfortunately, many people in the US take too many bites. Instead of staying “clean the plate“, perhaps we should
