1、职称英语卫生类 A、B、C 级综合试卷-53 及答案解析(总分：100.03，做题时间：90 分钟)一、第 2部分：阅读判断(总题数：5，分数：100.00)Disease, Diagnosis, Treatment and PreventionDisease may be defined as the abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or is not capable of carrying on all its required functions. There are mar
2、ked variations in the extent of the disease and in its effect on the person.In order to treat a disease, the doctor obviously must first determine the nature of the illness that is, make a diagnosis. A diagnosis is the conclusion drawn from a number of facts put together. The doctor must know the sy
3、mptoms, which are the changes in body function felt by the patient; and the signs (also called objective symptoms) which the doctor himself can observe. Sometimes a characteristic group of signs (or symptoms) accompanied a given disease. Such a group is called a syndrome. Frequently certain laborato
4、ry tests are performed and the results evaluated by the physician in making his diagnosis.Although nurses do not diagnose, they play an extremely valuable role in this process by observing closely for signs, encouraging the patient to talk about himself and his symptoms, and then reporting this info
5、rmation to the doctor. Once the patients disorder is known, the doctor prescribes a course of treatment, also referred to as therapy. Many measures in this course of treatment are carried out by the nurse under the physicians orders.In recent years physicians, nurses and other health workers have ta
6、ken on increasing responsibilities in prevention. Throughout most of medical history, the physicians aim has been to cure a patient of an existing disease. However, the modern concept of prevention seeks to stop disease before it actually happens to keep people well through the promotion of health.
7、A vast number of organizations exist for this purpose, ranging from the World Health Organization (WHO) on an international level down to local private and community health programs. A rapidly growing responsibility of the nursing profession is educating individual patients toward the maintenance of
8、 total health physical and mental.（分数：21.00）(1).By disease it means the condition in which one or more parts of the body fail to function properly.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(2).A syndrome refers to a complex of signs and/or symptoms typical of a specific disease.A. Right B. Wr
9、ong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(3).The diagnostic aids are indispensable in any case for a physician to diagnose a disease.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(4).Because nurses can observe patients closely, they have the authority to deal with any critical condition happening to pa
10、tients.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(5).Modern medicine attaches much more importance to disease prevention than traditional medicine.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(6).An effective system of disease prevention and treatment has been established in every country
11、 all over the world.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(7).Generally speaking, the physician is more willing to treat patients physical disease than their mental illness.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.First Self-contained Heart ImplantedA. patient on the brink of deat
12、h has received the worlds first self-contained artificial heart a battery-powered device about the size of a softball that runs without the need for wires, tubes or hoses sticking out of the chest.Two surgeons from the University of Louisville implanted the titanium and plastic pump during a seven-h
13、our operation at Jewish Hospital Monday. The hospital said the patient was “awake and responsive“ Tuesday and resting comfortably. It refused to release personal details.The patient had been expected to die within a month without the operation, and doctors said they expected the artificial heart to
14、extend the persons life by only a month. But the device is considered a major step toward improving the patients quality of life.The new pump, called AbioCor, is also a technological leap from the mechanical hearts used in the 1980s, which were attached by wires and tubes to bulky machinery outside
15、the body. The most famous of those, the Jarvic-7, used air as a pumping device and was attached to an apparatus about the size of a washing machine.“I think its potentially a major step forward in the artificial heart development, “ said Dr. David Faxon, president of the American Heart Association.
16、However, he said the dream of an implantable, permanent artificial heart is not yet a reality: “This is obviously an experimental device whose long-term success has to be demonstrated. “ Only about half of the 4,200 Americans on a waiting list for donor hearts received them last year, and most of th
17、e rest died.Some doctors, including Robert Higgins, chairman of cardiology at the Medical College of Virginia in Richmond, said artificial hearts are unlikely to replace donor hearts.“A donor heart in a good transplant can last 15 to 30 years, “ he said. “Its going to be hard to replace that with a
18、machine. “The AbioCor has a 2-pound pumping unit, and electronic controls that adjust the pumping speed based on the bodys needs. It is powered by a small battery pack worn outside the body that transmits current through the skin.（分数：21.00）(1).The pump of the first implanted self-contained heart was
19、 made of titanium and plastic.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(2).The patients life was expected to last several years longer by implanting the artificial heart.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(3).There is no difference in structure between the self-contained heart
20、and the mechanical heart.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(4).The American Heart Association recommended widely using the self-contained heart.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(5).Dr. David Faxon believed that the implantable, permanent artificial heart will certainly
21、 be developed in the future.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(6).Approximately two thousand one hundred patients received heart implantation in America last year.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(7).Some doctors doubt the possibility of donor hearts being replaced by
22、artificial ones.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.Stage FrightFall down as you come onstage. Thats an odd trick. Not recommended. But it saved the pianist Vladimir Feltsman when he was a teenager back in Moscow. The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure h
23、im of pre-performance panic, Mr. Feltsman said. “ All my fright was gone. I already fell. What else could happen? “Today, music schools are addressing the problem of anxiety in classes that deal with performance techniques and career preparation. There are a variety of strategies that musicians can
24、learn to fight stage fright and its symptoms: icy fingers, shaky limbs, racing heart, blank mind.Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice, from basics like learning pieces inside out, to mental discipline, such as visualizing a performance and taking steps to relax. Dont deny that youre
25、jittery, they urge; some excitement is natural, even necessary for dynamic playing. And play in public often, simply for the experience.Psychotherapist Diane Nichols suggests some strategies for the moments before performance, “Take two deep abdominal breaths, open up your shoulders, then smile, “ s
26、he says. “And not one of these please dont kill me smiles. Then choose three friendly faces in the audience, people you would communicate with and make music to, and make eye contact with them. “ She doesnt want performers to think of the audience as a judge.Extreme demands by mentors or parents are
27、 often at the root of stage fright, says Dorothy Delay, a well-known violin teacher. She tells other teachers to demand only what their students are able to achieve.When Lynn Harrell was 20, he became the principal cellist of theCleverland Orchestra, and he suffered extreme stage fright. “There were
28、 times when I got so nervous I was sure the audience could see my chest responding to the throbbing. It was just total panic. I came to a point where I thought, If I have to go through this to play music, I think Im going to look for another job. “ Recovery, he said, involved developing humility-rec
29、ognizing that whatever his talent, he was fallible, and that an imperfect concert was not a disaster.It is not only young artists who suffer, of course. The legendary pianist Vladimir Horowitzs nerves were famous. The great tenor Franco Corelli is another example. “They had to push him on stage, “ S
30、oprano Renata Scotto recalled.Actually, success can make things worse. “In the beginning of your career, when youre scared to death, nobody knows who you are, and they dont have any expectations, “ Soprano June Anderson said. “Theres less to lose. Later on, when youre known, people are coming to see
31、 you, and they have certain expectations. You have a lot to lose. “Anderson added, “I never stop being nervous until Ive sung my last note. /（分数：21.00）(1).Falling down onstage was not a good way for Vladimir Feltsman to deal with his stage fright.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(2).
32、There are many signs of stage fright.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(3).Teachers and psychologists cannot help people with extreme stage fright.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(4).To perform well on stage, you need to have some feelings of excitement.A. Right B. Wr
33、ong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(5).If you have stage fright, its helpful to have friendly audience.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(6).Often people have stage fright because parents or teachers expect too much of them.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(7).Famous m
34、usicians never suffer from stage fright.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.Azeri Hills Hold Secret of Long LifeYou can see for kilometers from the mountains where Allahverdi Ibadov herds his small flock of sheep amid a sea of yellow, red, and purple wildflowers. The view from Amburdere
35、 in southern Azerbaijan toward the Iranian border is spectacular, but Mr. Ibadov barely gives it a second glance.Why should he? Hes been coming here nearly every day for 100 years.According to his carefully preserved passport, Mr. Ibadov, whose birth was not registered until he was a toddler, is at
36、least 105 years old. His wife, who died two years ago, was even older. They are among the dozens of people in this beautiful, isolated region who live extraordinarily long lives.Mr. Ibadovs eldest son has just turned 70. He lost count long ago of how many grandchildren he has. “Im an old man now I l
37、ook after the sheep, and I prepare the wood for winter. I still have something to do. “A. lifetime of toil, it seems, takes very few people to an early grave in this region. Scientists admit there appears to be something in the Azeri mountains that gives local people a longer, healthier life than mo
38、st.Miri Ismailovs family in the tiny village of Tatoni are convinced that they know what it is. Mr. Ismailov is 110, his great-great-grandson is four. They share one proud boast: Neither has been to a doctor. “There are hundreds of herbs on the mountain, and we use them all in our cooking and for me
39、dicines“ ; explained Mr. Ismailovs daughter, Elmira. “We know exactly what they can do. We are our own doctors. “There is one herb for high blood pressure, another for kidney stones, and a third for a hacking cough. They are carefully collected from the slopes surrounding the village. Experts from t
40、he Azerbaijan Academy of Science believe the herbs may be part of the answer. They have been studying longevity in this region for years. It began as a rare joint Soviet-American project in the l980s,but these studies are not being funded any more.Azeri scientists have isolated a type of saffron uni
41、que to the southern mountains as one thing that seems to increase longevity. Another plant, made into a paste, dramatically increases the amount of milk that animals are able to produce. “Now we have to examine these plants clinically to find out which substances have this effect, “ said Chingiz Gas
42、simov, a scientist at the academy.The theory that local people have also developed a genetic predisposition to long life has been strengthened by the study of a group of Russian migrs whose ancestors were exiled to the Caucasus 200 years ago. The Russians life span is much shorter than that of the i
43、ndigenous mountain folk though it is appreciably longer than that of their ancestors left behind in the Russian heartland.“Over the decades, I believe local conditions have begun to have a positive effect on the new arrivals“ ,Professor Gassimov said. “Its been slowly transferred down the generation
44、s. “But Mr. Ismailov, gripping his stout wooden cane, has been around for too long to get overexcited. “Theres no secret, “ he shrugged dismissively. “I look after the cattle and I eat well. Life goes on. /（分数：21.00）(1).Amburdere is a city in Southern Azerbaijan.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数
45、：3.00）A.B.C.(2).Allahverdi Ibadov does not know exactly how old he is.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(3).Mr. Ibadov cant do any kind of work anymore.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(4).Miri Ismailov has never been to a doctor but his great-great-grandson has.A. Rig
46、ht B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(5).People in this region enjoy a easy and rich life.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(6).Elmira Ismailov is a doctor who uses herbs as medicines.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.(7).Scientists think peoples genes might affec
47、t how long they live.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned（分数：3.00）A.B.C.Beyond the PapScientists have known for some time that virtually all cases of cervical cancer are triggered by a family of viruses called human papillomavirus, or HPV. Most women who become infected with HPV are able to shake off
48、the virus and suffer no apparent long-term consequences to their health. But a few women develop a persistent infection that can, for reasons that are not entirely clear, eventually lead to cancerous changes in the cervix.Now researchers at the Digene Corp. of Beltsville, Maryland, have developed a
49、test that detects an active HPV infection by looking for its genetic byproducts in the vagina. The HPV test was better than the standard Pap test at finding cervical cancer at any stage, according to two studies published this month in the Journal of the American Medical Association. So far, so good. Unfortunately, the tests false-positive rate how often it indicated that there was a problem when none existed was almost twice as high as that for the Pap smear. In these cases, a biopsy of the womans cervix showed no sign of disease.And that
