1、职称英语卫生类 A、B、C 级综合试卷-49 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、第 4部分：阅读理解(总题数：10，分数：100.00)Bringing Nanotechnology to Health Care for the PoorNanotechnology uses matter at the level of molecules and atoms. Researchers are finding different uses for particles with a length of one nanometer, or one-billionth of
2、a meter. These include things like beauty products and dirt-resistant clothing. But one area where many experts believe nanotechnology holds great promise is medicine.Last week, speakers at a program in Washington discussed using nanotechnology to improve health care in developing countries. The pro
3、gram took place at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Peter Singer at the University of Toronto says a nanotechnology called quantum dots could be used to confirm cases of malaria. He says it could offer a better way than the traditional process of looking at a persons blood under
4、 a microscope.In poor countries, this process is often not followed. As a result, sick people may get treated for malaria even if they do not have it. Such misuse of medicines can lead to drug resistance. Quantum dots are particles that give off light when activated. Researchers are studying ways to
5、 program them to identify diseases by lighting up in the presence of a targeted molecule.Experts say nanotechnology shows promise not just for diagnosing diseases, but also for treating them. Piotr Grodzinski of the National Institutes of Health talked about how nanotechnology could make drugs more
6、effective. He talked about cancer drugs already developed with nanotechnology. He says if a drug can target a cancer locally in the body, then much less of it might be needed, and that means lower side effects.Andrew Maynard is chief scientist for the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies at the Wood
7、row Wilson Center. He noted that Brazil, India, China and South Africa are currently doing nanotechnology research that could help poor countries. But he also noted that there is some risk in using nano-materials. He says nanometer-sized particles behave differently in the body and the environment c
8、ompared to larger particles. Experts say more investment in research is needed to better understand these risks.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following uses of nanotechnology is NOT mentioned in the passage?A. To make beauty products and dirt-resistant clothing.B. To produce better and lighter building
9、 materials.C. To help more accurately diagnose diseases.D. To help more effectively treat diseases.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).How can quantum dots be used to confirm diseases?A. By traditionally looking at a persons blood under a microscope.B. By letting a person take some kind of medicine.C. By lighting
10、up in the presence of a targeted molecule.D. By subjecting a person to an X-ray examination.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).How can nanotechnology be used to make a drug more effective?A. By making a drug target the focus of a disease.B. By changing the structure of the body cells.C. By lowering the side effec
11、ts caused by a drug.D. By letting a patient take a dose as large as possible.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The following developing countries are doing very well scientific research on nanotechnology EXCEPT _.A. China B. Brazil C. Iran D. India（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following is the possible risk
12、in using nano-materials mentioned in the passage?A. They may cause some damage to the body cells.B. They are harmful materials themselves.C. They may store in the body.D. They may behave differently in the body and the environment.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.Medical JournalsMedical journals are publications th
13、at report medical information to physicians and other health professionals.In the past, these journals were available only in print. With the development of electronic publishing, many medical journals now have Web sites on the Internet, and some journals publish only online. A few medical journals,
14、 like the Journal of the American Medical Association, are considered general medical journals because they cover many fields of medicine. Most medical journals are specialty journals that focus on a particular area of medicine.Medical journals publish many types of articles. Research articles repor
15、t the results of research studies on a range of topics varying from the basic mechanisms of diseases to clinical trials that compare outcomes of different treatments. Review articles summarize and analyze the information available on a specific topic based on a careful search of the medical literatu
16、re. Because the results of individual research studies can be affected by many factors, combining results from different studies on the same topic can be helpful in reaching conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing, diagnosing or treating a particular disease. Case conferences and ca
17、se reports may be published in medical journals to educate physicians about particular illnesses and how to treat them. Editorials in medical journals are short essays that express the views of the authors, often regarding a research or review article published in the same issue. Editorials provide
18、perspective on how the current article fits with other information on the same topic. Letters to the editor provide a way for readers of the medical journal to express comments, questions or criticisms about articles published in that journal.（分数：10.00）(1).The main readers of medical journals areA.
19、the general public B. health professionalsC. medical critics D. news reporters（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Many medical journals also publish online.B. A few medical journals are general medical journals.C. Most medical journals publish only online.D. Most me
20、dical journals are specialty journals.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).How many major types of articles are mentioned in the passage?A. Five. B. Seven. C. Four. D. Six.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).An article dealing with results from different studies on the same topic is called _.A. a research article B. a review arti
21、cleC. a case report D. an editorial（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Letters to the editor enable readers of a medical journal to express comments on _.A. any medical event B. articles published in the same issueC. articles published in that journal D. medical development（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.Cooking Oil Fumes Cause
22、TumorThe leading cause of lung cancer among women in the city was cooking oil fumes while men are more likely to develop the disease from smoking, said medical experts after a five-year research study.Doctors announced the results yesterday with analysis on some new tendencies in lung cancer. They s
23、aid patients are younger, especially women.According to the Shanghai Tumor research Institute, more local residents die of lung cancer in the city than anything else. Following breast cancer, it has the second-highest incidence rate.“An unhealthy lifestyle is a very important reason for lung cancer,
24、 “ said Dr. He Yumin from Shanghai Minshen Traditional Chinese Medicine Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Center.He followed 2,276 lung cancer patients for five years. Among them, 1,483 were male.Smoking causes 70 percent of cases among men while only 18 percent of female patients developed cancer from
25、smoking or inhaling second-hand smoke, according to the report.However, more than 60 percent of women with the disease had long term, close contact with strong oil fumes from cooking and complained about irritated eyes and throat.About 32 percent of women fried foods in boiling oil in unventilated k
26、itchens and about 25 percent of womens bedrooms were adjacent to the kitchen.However, local women were surprised to learn cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer. Some claimed they may change food preparation methods.“Unless my family and I dont eat at home every day, I must stay in the kitchen to co
27、ok,“ said Xu Li, a 45-year-old local woman. “I know the fumes are bad for the skin, but it is the first time I heard that it can result in lung cancer. I have already started frying less. “Doctors said womens lung cancer had few links to personal health and physical condition, but was closely relate
28、d to family cancer history, unhealthy dietary habits and weak immune systems.Other experts agreed with He.“Smoking is by far the biggest cause of lung cancer for men,“ said Dr. Tan Binyong, honorary president of the Respiratory Disease Institute at Fudan Universitys Medical College. “Its true that s
29、econd-hand smoke and cooking fumes are the main causes among women. “Hes research also warned people not to stand near of stalls selling fried foods due to the poor quality of oils used.The chance of catching lung cancer is three times higher if exposed to the fume for a long time, experts said.（分数：
30、10.00）(1).What a new tendency in lung cancer is concluded by the researchers?A. Men are more likely to develop lung cancer than women.B. Women are more likely to develop lung cancer than men.C. Patients with lung cancer become older, especially males.D. Patients with lung cancer become younger, espe
31、cially females.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following diseases is the most common among the local residents in Shanghai?A. Heart disease. B. Breast cancer.C. Infectious diseases. D. Lung cancer.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What symptoms may be complained of by most women with lung cancer after long ter
32、m, close contact with cooking oil fumes?A. Irritated eyes and throat. B. Severe pain in both lungs.C. Continuous cough and headache. D. Difficulty in breathing.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What was the local womens reaction when they learned that cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer?A. Happy. B. Surprised
33、.C. Angry. D. Careless.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following has relatively little connection with womens lung cancer?A. Family cancer history. B. Unhealthy dietary habits.C. Weak immune systems. D. Personal health and physiical condition.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.Multivitamins Urged for All Pregnant W
34、omenA recent study in Tanzania found that when pregnant women took vitamins every day, fewer babies were born too small. Babies that weigh less than two and one-half kilograms at birth have a greater risk of dying. Those that survive are more likely to experience problems with their development. And
35、 experts say that as adults they have a higher risk of diseases including heart disease and diabetes. The World Health Organization estimates that every year twenty million babies are born with low birth weight. Nine out of ten of them are born in developing countries.The new study took place in Dar
36、 es Salaam. 4,200 pregnant women received multivitamins. The pills contained all of the vitamins in the B group along with vitamins C and E. They also contained several times more iron and folate than the levels advised for women in developed nations. Pregnant women especially in poor countries may
37、find it difficult to get enough vitamins and minerals from the foods in their diet.The scientists compared the findings with results from a group of 4,000 women who did not receive the vitamins. A report by the scientists, from the United States and Tanzania, appeared in the New England Journal of M
38、edicine. Wafaie Fawzi of the Harvard University School of Public Health led the study. None of the women in the study had HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. The scientists reported earlier that daily multivitamins were a low-cost way to reduce fetal deaths in pregnant women infected with HIV. The earl
39、ier work in Tanzania also found improvement in the mothers in their number of blood cells known as lymphocytes. Lymphocytes increase the bodys immunity against infection.The new study in pregnant women who were not infected with the AIDS virus found that multivitamins reduced the risk of low birth w
40、eight. Just under eight percent of the babies born to women who took the multivitamins weighed less than 2,500 grams. The rate was almost nine and one-half percent in the group of women who received a placebo, an inactive pill, instead of the vitamins. But the vitamins did not do much to reduce the
41、rates of babies being born too early or dying while still a fetus. Still, the researchers say multivitamins should be considered for all（分数：10.00）(1).How many babies are born with low birth weight in the developed countries every year according to WHO?A. 20,000,000. B. 18,000,000.C. 2,000,000. D. 38
42、,000,000.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A pill of multivitamins may contain all of the following substances EXCEPT _.A. all vitamins in the B group B. vitamins C and EC. much iron and folate D. antiviral substances（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the following is NOT one of the effects of multivitamins mentioned
43、 in the passage?A. To reduce the rate of babies born too early.B. To reduce the risk of low birth weight.C. To reduce fetal deaths in pregnant women infected with HIV.D. To increase the number of lymphocytes in mothers blood.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What a role do lymphocytes play in the human body?A. T
44、o reduce the rate of dying while still a fetus.B. To raise the bodys immunity against infection.C. To help prevent the development of heart disease.D. To help prevent the development of diabetes.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).How many percent of babies were born with low birth weight to women who were not inf
45、ected with the AIDS virus and took the multivitamins according to a new study?A. Less than 8%. B. About 9.5%. C. 1.5%. D. 17.5%.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.U. S. Eats Too Much SaltPeople in the United States consume more than twice the recommended amount of salt, raising their risk for high blood pressure, hea
46、rt attacks and strokes, government health experts said on Thursday.They found nearly 70 percent of U. S. adults are in high-risk groups that would benefit from a lower-salt diet of no more than 1,500 mg per day, yet most consume close to 3,500 mg per day.“Its important for people to eat less salt. P
47、eople who adopt a heart-healthy eating pattern that includes a diet low in sodium and rich in potassium and calcium can improve their blood pressure, “ Dr. Darwin Labarthe of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said in a statement.“People need to know their recommended daily sodium limit
48、and take action to reduce sodium intake. “ Labarthe said.The study in CDCs weekly report on death and disease used national survey data to show that two out of three adults should be consuming no more than 1,500 mg of sodium per day because they are black or over the age of 40 which are considered h
49、igh-risk groups.Yet studies show most people in the United States eat 3,436 mg of sodium per day, according to a 2005-2006 CDC estimate.Most of the sodium eaten comes from packaged, processed and restaurant foods. The CDC said it will join other agencies in the Health and Human Services department in working with major food manufacturers and chain restaurants to reduce sodium levels in the food supply.Nationwide, 16 million men and women have heart disease and 5.8 million are estimated to have had a stroke. Cutting salt consumption can reduce these risks, t
