1、职称英语卫生类 A、B、C 级综合试卷-48 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、第 4部分：阅读理解(总题数：10，分数：100.00)SleeplessnessInsomnia or sleeplessness is a common complaint of women as they enter into menopause. Insomnia means having trouble falling asleep or staying asleep or the feeling that your sleep was not adequate for you.
2、For women who are having night sweats, their sleep is broken by frequent awakening and therefore not refreshing. Generally once the night sweats are controlled a normal sleep pattern returns. If it doesnt it may be, or have become chronic insomnia. How do you know?If you suffer from insomnia every n
3、ight or most nights for a period of one month then you have chronic insomnia. If youre not having night sweats then its time to look for other causes of sleeplessness. Depression and anxiety disorders are the most common causes of chronic insomnia. If you feel depressed you need to be checked by a q
4、ualified health care provider“. Movement disorders such as restless leg syndrome are second on the list of insomnia for them; there are new medicines that may help. Other common causes are shift working, and pain.In up to 30% of people with chronic insomnia no cause can be identified. Medical treatm
5、ent of these people has generally been with sleeping pills. It is estimated that 25% of the adult population in America took some type of medicines for sleep last year. It is generally agreed that sleeping pills should only be in the lowest dose and for the shortest possible time.Sleep hygiene is di
6、rected at changing bad sleep habits. The recommendations are: Go to bed only when sleepy. Do not wait up to a specified time. Avoid caffeine and alcohol in the evening, etc.（分数：10.00）(1).The word “insomnia“ in the first paragraph means _.A. having trouble falling or staying asleepB. feeling that one
7、s sleep is adequate for himC. having no sweats at nightD. having a normal sleep pattern（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).How many possible causes of sleeplessness are mentioned in the second paragraph?A. Five. B. Six. C. Seven. D. Numerous.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The expression “ second on the list“ in the second p
8、aragraph means _.A. the second least important cause of sleeplessnessB. the second most important cause of sleeplessnessC. the second on the doctors list about sleepless peopleD. the second on the writers list recording sleeplessness（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Concerning the use of sleeping pills, which of
9、 the following statements is true?A. Most adult Americans use sleeping pills for sleep.B. Doctors seldom give sleepless people sleeping pills.C. Sleeping pills should be used for a very fixed period.D. Sleeping pills should be used in a very small amount.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following d
10、oes not fit with sleep hygiene?A. Making a rule to go to bed at a specific time every day.B. Going to bed when sleepy, not always at the same time.C. Trying not to drink any caffeine and alcohol in the evening.D. Changing bad sleep habits and following doctors advice.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.Common-cold Sen
11、seYou cant beat it, but you dont have to join it. Maybe it got the name “common cold“ because its more common in winter. The fact is, though, being cold doesnt have anything to do with getting one. Colds are caused by the spread of rhinoviruses, and. at least so far, medical science is better at tel
12、ling you how to avoid getting one than how to get rid of one.Children are the most common way cold viruses are spread to adults, because they have more colds than adults an average of about eight per year. Why do kids seem so much more easily to get colds than their parents? Simple. They havent had
13、the opportunity to become immune to many cold viruses.There are more than 150 different cold viruses, and you never have the same one twice. Being infected by one makes you immune to it but only it.Colds are usually spread by direct contact, not sneezing or coughing. From another persons hand to you
14、r hand and then to your nose or eyes is the most common route. The highest concentration o cold viruses anywhere is found under the thumbnails of a boy, although the viruses can survive for hours on skin or other smooth surfaces.Hygiene is your best defense. Wash your hands frequently, preferably wi
15、th a disinfectant soap, especially when children in your household have colds.But even careful hygiene wont ward off every cold. So, what works when a coughing, sneezing, runny nose strikes?The old prescription of two aspirins, lots of water, and bed rest is a good place to start. But youll also fin
16、d some of the folk remedies worth trying. Hot mixtures of sugar (or honey), lemon, and water have real benefits.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the essay, you may have a cold because _.A. the weather is too coldB. the spread of rhinoviruses gets people infectedC. another persons coughing passes the cold
17、to youD. you wash your hands too often（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The best way to keep yourself from getting colds is _.A. to keep yourself cleanB. to use a disinfectant soapC. to take two aspirins every dayD. to drink lots of water（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Children have more colds because _.A. they are usually
18、 infected about eight times each yearB. they are not immune to many cold viruses yetC. they never wash their hands so that their thumbnails are dirtyD. they dont like eating lemon（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).When you are having a cold, _.A. it is always the same kind of cold that you had last timeB. it may
19、be the same kind of cold that you had last timeC. it is certainly not the same kind of cold that you had last timeD. it is probably not the same kind of cold that you had last time（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).When one is having a cold, he may often have all the following symptoms EXCEPT _.A. coughingB. havi
20、ng a sore throatC. having a runny noseD. having a stomachache（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.Drug Reactions a Major Cause of DeathAdverse drug reactions may cause the deaths of over 100,000 US hospital patients each year, making them a leading cause of death nationwide, according to a report in the Journal of the
21、American Medical Association.“The incidence of serious and fatal adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in US hospitals was found to be extremely high, “ say researchers at the University of Toronto in Ontario, Canada.They carried on an analysis of 39 ADR-related studies at US hospitals over the past 30 year
22、s and defined an ADR as “any harmful, unintended, and undesired effect of a drug which occurs at doses used in humans for prevention, diagnosis, or therapy. “An average 6.7% of all hospitalized patients experience an ADR every year, according to the researchers. They estimate that “in 1994, overall
23、2,216,000 hospitalized patients had serious ADRs, and 106,000 had fatal ADRs. “ This means that ADRs may rank as the fourth single largest cause of death in America.And these incidence figures are probably conservative, the researchers add, since their ADR definition did not include outcomes linked
24、to problems in drug administration, overdoses, drug abuse, and therapeutic failures.The control of ADRs also means spending more money. One US study estimated the overall cost of treating ADRs at up to $4 billion per year.Dr. David Bates of Brigham and Womens Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, belie
25、ves that healthcare workers need to pay more attention to the problem, especially since many ADRs are easily preventable. “When a patient develops an allergy or sensitivity, it is often not recorded, “ Bates notes, “and patients receive drugs to which they have known allergies or sensitivities with
26、disturbing frequency. “He believes computerized surveillance systems still works-in-progress at many of the nations hospitals should help cut down the frequency of these types of errors.（分数：10.00）(1).Researchers at the University of Toronto believe that _.A. ADRs have caused medical problems, though
27、 they seldom lead to deathB. ADRs have very often caused patients to die in CanadaC. ADRs have caused many deaths in America over the past 30 yearsD. it is easy to prevent ADRs from happening（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The investigators say that _.A. 67 patients out of 100 in every American hospital die fr
28、om ADRs each yearB. 67 patients out of 100 in every American hospital experience an ADR each yearC. 6.7% of all hospitalized patients in America experience ADRs each year on averageD. 6.7% of all hospitalized patients in Canada experience ADRs each year on average（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).An American res
29、earch estimates that the total sum of money spent in treating ADRs each year is as much as _.A. $40,000,000,000 B. $4,000,000,000C. $400,000,000 D. $40,000,000（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The Canadian investigators think that the ADR incidence figures from their research _.A. are surely very exactB. are pro
30、bably higher than the real amountC. are perhaps less than the real amountD. are probably groundless（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).According to Dr. David Bates, hospitals in America _.A. are not paying enough attention to possibilities of ADR happeningsB. have never tried to use computers to prevent ADRs from
31、happeningC. do not use those drugs which will cause side effects to their patientsD. know that many ADRs are easily preventable（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.DreamsStudies show that in dreams things are seen and heard rather than thought. In terms of the senses, visual experience is present in almost all dreams;
32、auditory experience in 40 to 50 percent; and touch, taste, smell, and pain in a relatively small percentage. A considerable amount of emotion is commonly present, usually a pure and single emotion such as fear, anger, or Joy.Two clearly distinguishable states of sleep exist. The first state, called
33、NREM-sleep (non- rapid-eye-movement sleep), occupies most of the sleep period and is associated with a relatively low pulse and blood pressure, and few or no reports of dreaming. The second type of sleep, known as REM-sleep ( rapid-eye-movement sleep) occurs cyclically during the sleep period with r
34、apid eye movements and frequent dream reports. Typically, a person has four or five periods of REM-sleep during the night, whether the dreams are remembered often, rarely, or not at all; they occur at intervals of about 90 minutes and altogether make up about 25 percent of the nights sleep (as much
35、as 50 percent in a newborn child). Evidence indicates that a dream period usually lasts from 5 to 20 minutes. Sounds and touches working on a dreamer can go into a dream if they occur during a REM-period. Although mental activity may be reported during NREM-sleep, these are usually short pieces of t
36、houghtlike experiences.Modern dream research has focused on two general interpretations of dream content. In one view, dreams have no meaning of their own but are simply a process by which the brain integrates new information into memories. In the other view, dreams contain real meaning symbolized i
37、n a picture language distinct from conscious logical thought. If dreams express important wishes, fears, concerns, and worries of the dreamer, the study and analysis of dreams can help reveal previously unknown aspects of a persons mental functioning.（分数：10.00）(1).There are in general two opinions a
38、bout what we experience m a dream: _.A. one, we “see“ our dreams, and two, we “think“ our dreamsB. one, we are happy, and two, we are angryC. one, dreams put new information into our memories, and two, dreams have real meanings in pictures different from our logical thinkingD. we have pictures in dr
39、eams because one, we have slow eye movements, and two, we have rapid eye movements（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to this article, we _.A. often think seriously when we are dreamingB. hardly ever hear music when we are dreamingC. very often feel something tastes good when we are dreamingD. almost alw
40、ays see different “pictures“ when we are dreaming（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).In your dreams, you _.A. very often feel happy and unhappy at the same timeB. always feel that you are afraid of somebodyC. seldom feel fear now and joy laterD. only feel anger（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).This essay tells us that _.A. peo
41、ple usually dream in a NREM sleepB. people usually dream in an REM sleepC. people always remember what they have dreamed in an REM sleepD. people may have an REM sleep all night through（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Based on what is discussed in this writing, an adult may have at most about _ of the time of h
42、is or her sleep dreaming.A. 90% B. 50% C. 25% D. 20%（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.Warm People Likely to Keep Cold at BayStaying positive through the cold season could be your best defense against getting ill, new study findings suggest. In an experiment that exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus, res
43、earchers found that people with a generally sunny disposition were less likely to fall ill.The findings, published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, build on evidence that a “positive emotional style“ can help ward off the common cold and other illnesses. Researchers believe the reasons may be
44、both objective as in happiness boosting immune function and subjective as in happy people being less troubled by a scratchy throat or runny nose.“People with a positive emotional style may have different immune responses to the virus,“ explained lead study author Dr Sheldon Cohen of Carnegie Mellon
45、University in Pittsburgh. “And when they do get a cold, they may interpret their illness as being less severe. “Cohen and his colleagues had found in a previous study that happier people seemed less susceptible to catching a cold, but some questions remained as to whether the emotional trait itself
46、had the effect.For the new study, the researchers had 193 healthy adults complete standard measures of personality traits, self-perceived health and emotional “style“. Those who tended to be happy, energetic and easy-going were judged as having a positive emotional style, while those who were often
47、unhappy, tense and hostile had a negative style.The researchers gave them nasal drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus. Over the next six days, the volunteers reported on any aches, pains, sneezing or congestion they had, while the researchers collected objective data, like d
48、aily mucus production. Cohen and his colleagues found that based on objective measures of nasal woes, happy people were less likely to develop a cold.（分数：10.00）(1).According to a study author, when people with a positive emotional style do get a cold, they may think _.A. that their illness is very s
49、eriousB. that their illness is not so seriousC. that they do not get any illness at allD. that the illness they get is not a mild one（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).People with a positive emotional style may have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT _.A. happy B. selfishC. easy-going D. energetic（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics that people with a negative emotional style may have?A. Hostile. B. Unhappy.C. Warm-blooded. D. Ten
