1、职称英语卫生类 A、B、C 级综合试卷-47 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、第 4部分：阅读理解(总题数：10，分数：100.00)Early or Later Day CareThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment“ period from birth to three may scar a childs personality and predispose to emotion
2、al problems in later life. Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlbys work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.F
3、irstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone far from
4、 it. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it. Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would be certain to be complicated and controversial. Th
5、irdly, in the last decade there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on childrens development. But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely eno
6、ugh accepted to settle the issue.But Bowlbys analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics. Whatever the long-term effects, pa
7、rents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy, and this is undoubtedly why more and more pare
8、nts make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate that early care is reasonable for infants.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following statements would Bowlby support?A. Statistical studies should be carried out to assess th
9、e positive effect of day care for children at the age of three or older.B. Early day care can delay the occurrence of mental illness in children.C. The first three years of ones life is extremely important to the later development of personality.D. Children under three get used to the life at nurser
10、y schools more readily than children over three.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following is derivable from Bowlbys work?A. Mothers should not send their children to day care centers before the age of three.B. Day care nurseries have positive effects on a childs development.C. A child sent to a da
11、y care center before the age of three may have emotional problems in later life.D. Day care would not be so popular if it has noticeable negative effects on a childs personality.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).It is suggested that modern societies differ from traditional societies in that _.A. the parents-chil
12、d relationship is more exclusive in modern societiesB. a child more often grows up with his/her brothers or sisters in traditional societiesC. mother brings up children with the help of her husband in traditional societiesD. children in modern societies are more likely to develop mental illness in l
13、ater years（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following statements is NOT an argument against Bowlbys theory?A. Many studies show that day care has a positive effect on childrens development.B. The fact that there are so many nursery schools today shows that day care is safe.C. The separation of young
14、 children from their parents is common in some traditional societies.D. Parents find the immediate effects of early day care difficult to deal with.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following best expresses the writers attitude towards early day care?A. Children under three should stay with their pa
15、rents.B. Early day care has positive effects on childrens development.C. The issue is controversial and its settlement calls for the use of statistics.D. The effects of early day care on children are exaggerated and parents should ignore the issue.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.Egypt Felled by FamineEven ancient
16、Egypts mighty pyramid builders were powerless in the face of the famine that helped bring down their civilisation around 2180 BC. Now evidence gleaned from mud deposited by the River Nile suggests that a shift in climate thousands of kilometres to the south was ultimately to blame and the same or wo
17、rse could happen today.The ancient Egyptians depended on the Niles annual floods to irrigate their crops. But any change in climate that pushed the African monsoons southwards out of Ethiopia would have diminished these floods.Dwindling rains in the Ethiopian highlands would have meant fewer plants
18、to stablise the soil. When rain did fall it would have washed large amounts of soil into the Blue Nile and into Egypt, along with sediment from the White Nile.The Blue Nile mud has a different isotope signature from that of the White Nile. So by analysing isotope differences in mud deposited in the
19、Nile Delta, Michael Krom of Leeds University worked out what proportion of sediment came from each branch of the river.Krom reasons that during periods of drought, the amount of the Blue Nile mud in the river would be relatively high. He found that one of these periods, from 4,500 to 4,200 years ago
20、, immediately predates the fall of the Egypts Old Kingdom.The weakened waters would have been catastrophic for the Egyptians. “Changes that affect food supply dont have to be very large to have a ripple effect in societies, “ says Bill Ryan of the Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory in New York.Similar
21、 events today could be even more devastating, says team member Daniel Stanley, a geoarchaeologist from the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D. C. “Anything humans do to shift the climate belts would have an even worse effect along the Nile system today because the populations have increased dr
22、amatically. /（分数：10.00）(1).Why does the author mention “pyramid builders“ ?A. Because they once worked miracles.B. Because they were well-built.C. Because they were actually very weak.D. Because even they were unable to rescue their civilisation.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following factors wa
23、s ultimately responsible for the fall of the civilisation of ancient Egypt?A. Change of climate. B. Famine.C. Flood. D. Population growth.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the following statements is true?A. The White Nile is the trunk of the River Nile.B. The White Nile is the trunk of the Blue Nile.C.
24、 The White Nile is a branch of the Blue Nile.D. The White Nile and the Blue Nile are branches of the River Nile.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to Krom, Egypts Old Kingdom fell _.A. immediately after a period of droughtB. immediately after a period of floodC. just before a drought struckD. just befor
25、e a flood struck（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The word “ devastating“ in the last paragraph could be best replaced by _.A. “frustrating“ B. “damaging“C. “defeating“ D. “worrying/（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.After-birth Depression Blamed for Womans SuicideA. new mother apparently suffering from postpartum mental illness
26、fell to her death from a narrow 12th-floor ledge of a Chicago hotel, eluding the lunging grasp of firemen called to help.The Chicago Tribune reported Tuesday that the mother of a 3-month-old daughter, Melanie Stokes, 41, was said to be suffering from a severe form of after-birth depression called po
27、stpartum psychosis, an extremely rare biological response to rapidly changing hormonal levels that can result in hallucinations, delusions, severe insomnia and a drastic departure from reality.“That was a monster in my daughters brain, “ said Stokes mother, Carol Blocker. “The medicine took no effec
28、t at all, while her grief was so strong that nothing could make up for it. Im just glad she didnt take her daughter with her. “Virtually all new mothers get postpartum blues, also called the “baby blues“. which are brief episodes of irritability, moodiness and weepiness. About 20 per cent of birthin
29、g women experience postpartum depression, which can be triggered by hormonal changes, sleeplessness and the pressures of being a new mother. It is often temporary and highly treatable.But The Tribune said what scientists suspect Stokes was battling, postpartum psychosis, is even more extreme and is
30、considered a psychiatric emergency. During postpartum psychosis a very real disorder that affects less than I percent of women, according to the National Institute of Mental Health a mother might hear voices, have visions, feel extremely agitated and be at risk of harming the child or herself.Often
31、the consequences are tragic. In 1987, Sheryl Masip of California told a judge that postpartum psychosis made her drive a Volvo over her 6-week-old son. Latrena Pixley of Washington, D. C. , said the disorder was why she smothered her 6-week-old daughter in 1992. And last year, Judy Kirby, a 31-year-
32、old Indianapolis mother allegedly suffering from postpartum psychosis, sped into oncoming traffic and plowed into a minivan, killing seven youngsters. including three of her own.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is NOT a symptom of postpartum psychosis?A. Visions. B. Delusions.C. Inflamed breast.
33、 D. Serious sleeplessness.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).It was considered fortunate by Stokes mother in the miserable event _.A. that Stokes had died in a Chicago hotelB. that firemen had been called to help StokesC. that Stokes had been taking the prescribed medicinesD. that Stokes had not taken her daughte
34、r with her（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A patient suffering from “baby blues“ may present briefly one or more of the following symptoms EXCEPT _.A. having an intention of suicideB. readily becoming impatient or angryC. easily changing her moodsD. tending to experience weeping and sadness（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).
35、How many bearing women have experiences of after-birth depression?A. Virtually all of them.B. About one fifth of them.C. Less than one percent of them.D. Not mentioned exactly in the passage.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Who induced the most serious consequence among the postpartum depression patients mentio
36、ned in the passage?A. Melanie Stokes of Chicago.B. Sheryl Masip of California.C. Latrena Pixley of Washington, D. C.D. Judy Kirby of Indianapolis.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.Sleep Lets Brain File MemoriesTo sleep. Perchance to file? Findings published online this week by the Proceedings of the National Academy
37、 of Sciences further support the theory that the brain organizes and stows memories formed during the day while the rest of the body is catching zzzs.Gyorgy Buzsaki of Rutgers University and his colleagues analyzed the brain waves of sleeping rats and mice. Specifically, they examined the electrical
38、 activity emanating from the somatosensory neocortex (an area that processes sensory information) and the hippocampus, which is a center for learning and memory. The scientists found that oscillations in brain waves from the two regions appear to be intertwined. So-called sleep spindles (bursts of a
39、ctivity from the neocortex) were followed tens of milliseconds later by beats in the hippocampus known as ripples. The team posits that this interplay between the two brain regions is a key step in memory consolidation.A. second study, also published online this week by the Proceedings of the Nation
40、al Academy of Sciences, links age-associated memory decline to high glucose levels.Previous research had shown that individuals with diabetes suffer from increased memory problems. In the new work, Antonio Convit of New York University School of Medicine and his collaborators studied 30 people whose
41、 average age was 69 to investigate whether sugar levels, which tend to increase with age, affect memory in healthy people as well. The scientists administered recall tests, brain scans and glucose tolerance tests, which measure how quickly sugar is absorbed from the blood by the bodys tissues. Subje
42、cts with the poorest memory recollection, the team discovered, also displayed the poorest glucose tolerance. In addition, their brain scans showed more hippocampus shrinkage than those of subjects better able to absorb blood sugar.“Our study suggests that this impairment may contribute to the memory
43、 deficits that occur as people age, “ Convit says. “And it raises the intriguing possibility that improving glucose tolerance could reverse some age-associated problems in cognition. “ Exercise and weight control can help keep glucose levels in check, so there may be one more reason to go to the gym
44、.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following statements is nearest in meaning to the sentence “To sleep. Perchance to file? “A. Does brain arrange memories in useful order during sleep?B. Does brain have memories when one is sleeping?C. Does brain remember files after one falls asleep?D. Does brain work on
45、 files in sleep?（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What is the result of the experiment with rats and mice carried out at Rutgers University?A. The electrical activity is emanating from thesomatosensory neocortex.B. Oscillations in brain waves are from hippocampus.C. Somatosensory neocortex and hippocampus work t
46、ogether in memory consolidation.D. Somatosensory neocortex plays a primary role in memory consolidation.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What is the relation of memory to glucose tolerance, as is indicated by a research mentioned in paragraph 4?A. People with poor memory have high glucose tolerance.B. People wi
47、th good memory have low glucose tolerance.C. Memory level has nothing to do with glucose tolerance.D. The poorer the memory, the poorer glucose tolerance.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).In what way is memory related to hippocampus shrinkage?A. There is no relation between memory and hippocampus shrinkage.B. Th
48、e more hippocampus shrinks, the poorer ones memory.C. The more hippocampus shrinks, the better ones memory.D. The less hippocampus shrinks, the poorer ones memory.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).According to the last paragraph, what is the ultimate reason for going to the gym?A. To prevent hippocampus shrinkag
49、e.B. To control weight.C. To exercise.D. To control glucose levels.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.Medicine Award Kicks off Nobel Prize AnnouncementsTwo scientists who have won praise for research into the growth of cancer cells could be candidates for the Nobel Prize in medicine when the 2008 winners are presented on Monday, kicking off six days of Nobel announcements.Australian-born U. S. citizen Elizabeth Blackburn and American Carol Greider have already won a series of medical honors for their enzyme research and experts say they could be among
