1、职称英语卫生类 A、B、C 级综合试卷-46 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、第 4部分：阅读理解(总题数：10，分数：100.00)Spacing in AnimalsFlight DistanceAny observant person has noticed that a wild animal will allow a man or other potential enemy to approach only up to a given distance before it flees. “Flight distance“ is the term used f
2、or this interspecies spacing. As a general rule, there is a positive relationship between the size of an animal and its flight distance the larger the animal, the greater the distance it must keep between itself and the enemy. An antelope will flee when the enemy is as much as five hundred yards awa
3、y. The wall lizards flight distance, on the other hand is about six feet. Flight is the basic means of survival for mobile creatures.Critical DistanceCritical distance apparently is present wherever and whenever there is a flight reaction. “Critical distance“ includes the narrow zone separating flig
4、ht distance from attack distance. A lion in a zoo will flee from an approaching man until it meets a barrier that it cannot overcome. If the man continues the approach, he soon penetrates the lions critical distance, at which point the cornered lion reverses direction and begins slowly to stalk the
5、man.Social DistanceSocial animals need to stay in touch with each other. Loss of contact with the group can be fatal for a variety of reasons including exposure to enemies. Social distance is not simply the distance at which an animal will lose contact with his group that is, the distance at which i
6、t can no longer see, hear, or smell the group - it is rather a psychological distance, one at which the animal apparently begins to feel anxious when he exceeds its limits. We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group.Social distance varies from species to species. It is quite short a
7、pparently only a few yards among some animals, and quite long among others.Social distance is not always rigidly fixed but is determined in part by the situation. When the young of apes and humans are mobile but not yet under control of the mothers voice, social distance may be the length of her rea
8、ch. This is readily observed among the baboons in a zoo. When the baby approaches a certain point, the mother reaches out to seize the end of its tail and pull it back to her. When added control is needed because of danger, social distance shrinks. To show this in man, one has only to watch a family
9、 with a number of small children holding hands as they cross a busy street.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is the most appropriate definition of “Flight Distance“?A. Distance between animals of the same species before fleeing.B. Distance between large and small animals before fleeing.C. Distanc
10、e between an animal and its enemy before fleeing.D. Distance between certain animal species before fleeing.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).If an animals critical distance is penetrated, it will _.A. begin to attack B. try to hideC. begin to jump D. run away（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the passage, social
11、distance refers to _.A. physical distance B. psychological distanceC. physiological distance D. philosophical distance（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following could best replace the word “band“ in “We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group“ (in Paragraph 3)?A. Strip of land. B.
12、Distance.C. Society. D. Community.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The example of the children holding hands when crossing the street in the last paragraph shows that _.A. social distance is not always neededB. there is no social distance among small childrenC. humans are different from animals in social distan
13、ceD. social distance is sometimes determined by outside factors（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.Fruit and Vegetable Juicesas Beneficial to Health as Fruits and VeggiesA. European study has revealed that 100 percent fruit and vegetable juices are as effective as their whole fruit/vegetable counterparts in reducing r
14、isk factors related to certain diseases. The conclusion is the result of the study designed to question traditional thinking that 100 percent juices play a less significant role in reducing risk for both cancer and cardiovascular disease than whole fruits and vegetables.Juices are comparable in thei
15、r ability to reduce risk compared to their whole fruit/vegetable counterparts, according to several researchers in the United Kingdom who conducted the literature review. The researchers analyzed a variety of studies that looked at risk reduction attributed to the effects of both fiber and antioxida
16、nts. As a result, they determined that the positive impact fruits and vegetables offer come not from just the fiber but also from antioxidants which are present in both juice and the whole fruits and vegetables.“When considering cancer and coronary heart disease prevention, there is no evidence that
17、 pure fruit and vegetable juices are less beneficial than whole fruit and vegetables,“ the researchers said. The researchers added that the positioning of juices as being nutritionally inferior to whole fruits and vegetables in relationship to chronic disease development is “unjustified“ and that po
18、licies, which suggest otherwise about fruit and vegetable juices, should be re-examined.The researchers who authored the paper suggest that more studies in certain area are needed to bolster their findings. “Although this independent review of the literature is not designed to focus on any particula
19、r 100 percent juice, it does go a long way in demonstrating that fruit and vegetable juices do play an important role in reducing the risk of various diseases, especially cancer and cardiovascular disease, “ said Sue Taylor. Her opinion is in agreement with the Juice Products Association, a non-prof
20、it organization not associated with this research. She added that appropriate amounts of juices should be included in the diet of both children and adults, following guidelines established by leading health authorities. Taylor also points to a large epidemiological study, published in the September
21、2006 issue of the Journal of Medicine, which found that consumption of a variety of 100 percent fruit and vegetable juices was associated with a reduced risk for Alzheimers disease.In fact, that study found that individuals who drank three or more servings of fruit and vegetable juices per week had
22、a 76 percent lower risk of developing Alzheimers disease than those who drank juice less than once per week. The study was published in the International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition (2006).（分数：10.00）(1).What on earth in both fruits and vegetables and their juices plays the most important r
23、ole in reducing risk for diseases?A. Proteins. B. Vitamins. C. Carbohydrates. D. Fiber and antioxidant.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The judgment that fruit and vegetable juices are less beneficial to reducing chronic disease development is _.A. evident B. obvious C. incorrect D. conclusive（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(
24、3).The review of the literature has documented the important role of fruit and vegetable juices in reducing the risk of various disease, _ in particular.A. lung problemsB. cancer and cardiovascular diseaseC. stomach and intestine disordersD. ear, nose and throat troubles（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A large
25、epidemiological study also found that using various l00% fruit and vegetable juices contributed to a reduced risk for _.A. Alzheimers disease B. inherited diseaseC. infectious disease D. blood-transmitted disease（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).People who drink 34 servings of fruit and vegetable juices weekly m
26、ay _ risk of developing Alzheimers disease _ those who drink only once a week.A. have twenty-three percent higher, thanB. have three quarters lower, thanC. be one hundred and twenty-three percent as high, asD. be one hundred and seventy-six percent as high, as（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.In-line Skating and Inj
27、uriesAn increasing number of children are taking up in-line skating, and it is those new skaters who are most at risk for injuries, according to a statement from an American research institute.Some 17.7 million people younger than age 18 participated in the sport in the US in 1996, a 24% increase ov
28、er the previous year.Also in 1996, in-line skating injuries sent 76,000 skaters under the age of 21 to the emergency room. Inexperienced skaters accounted for 14% of all injuries requiring treatment.The most common reasons for injuries were losing ones balance due to road debris, being unable to sto
29、p, out-of-control speeding, or falls while doing a trick.One third of skating injuries are to the wrist, and two thirds of wrist injuries are fractures. Wearing wrist guards could reduce the number of these injuries by an estimated 87%, according to the AAP.Likewise, elbow pads could reduce elbow in
30、juries by 82%, and knee pads could reduce the number of knee injuries by 32%, advise the experts.Helmet used by young skaters is required by law in New York and Oregon, and the research institute also recommends that young skaters wear a bicycle helmet or a similar approved sports helmet.The age at
31、which children are ready to use in-line skates depends upon a number of conditions, including the childs foot size and body strength, general athletic ability and muscle coordination, and the ability to judge traffic and pay attention to the condition of the skating surface ahead, the experts advise
32、.The most dangerous skating practice, called “truck-surfing“, involves skating while holding onto a moving vehicle. Few skaters have fatal injuries, but 31 out of 36 deaths reported since 1992 involved being knocked down by a motor vehicle, according to data from the US Consumer Product Safety Commi
33、ssion.（分数：10.00）(1).How many people took part in in-line skating in the US in 1995?A. About 17.7 million. B. More than 17.7 million.C. Fewer than 17.7 million. D. Exactly 17.7 million.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the most common reasons for injuries?A. Skati
34、ng with wrist and elbow wounds.B. Losing ones balance due to road debris.C. Being unable to stop due to high speed.D. Falling down when doing a trick.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What are the things experts might NOT advise youngsters to wear?A. Wrist guards. B. Elbow and knee pads.C. Helmets of some kind.
35、D. Boots and thick clothes.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).“Truck-surfing“ means _.A. skating inside a truck while it is movingB. skating while holding onto a moving truckC. skating at a speed faster than a truckD. skating at the end of a moving truck（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).According to the last paragraph, bumpin
36、g with a motor vehicle took up _ of the deaths reported since 1992.A. over 80% B. below 80%C. about 31% D. about 36%（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.Who Wants to Live Forever?If your doctor could give you a drug that would let you live a healthy life for twice as long, would you take it?The good news is that we may
37、 be drawing near to that date. Scientists have already extended the lives of flies, worms and mice in laboratories. Many now think that using genetic treatments we will soon be able to extend human life to at least 140 years.This seems a great idea. Think of how much more time we could spend chasing
38、 our dreams, spending time with our loved ones, watching our families grow and have families of their own.“Longer life would give us a chance to recover from our mistakes and promote long term thinking, “ says Dr Gregory Stock of the University of California School of Public Health. “It would also r
39、aise productivity by adding to the year we can work. “Longer lives dont just affect the people who live them. They also affect society as a wbole. “We have war, poverty, all sorts of issues around, and I dont think any of them would be at all helped by having people live longer, “ says US bioethicis
40、t Daniel Callahan. “The question is What will we get as a society? I suspect it wont be a better society. “It would certainly be a very different society. People are already finding it more difficult to stay married. Divorce rates are rising. What would happen to marriage in a society where people l
41、ived for 140 years? And what would happen to family life if nine or 10 generations of the same family were all alive at the same time?Research into ageing may enable women to remain fertile for longer. And that raises the prospect of having 100-year-old parents, or brothers and sisters born 50 years
42、 apart. We think of an elder sibling as someone who can protect us and offer help and advice. That would be hard to do if that sibling came from a completely different generation.Working life would also be affected, especially if the retirement age was lifted. More people would stay in work for long
43、er. That would give us the benefits of age-skill, wisdom and good judgement.On the other hand, more people working for longer would create greater competition for jobs. It would make it more difficult for younger people to find a job. Top posts would be dominated by the same few individuals, making
44、career progress more difficult. And how easily would a 25-year-old employee be able to communicate with a 125-year-old boss?Young people would be a smaller part of a society in which people lived to 140. It may be that such a society would place less importance on guiding and educating young people,
45、 and more on making life comfortable for the old.And society would feel very different if more of its members were older. There would be more wisdom, but less energy. Young people like to move about. Old people like to sit still. Young people tend to act without thinking. Old people tend to think wi
46、thout acting. Young people are curious and like to experience different things. Old people are less enthusiastic about change. In fact, they are less enthusiastic about everything.The effect of anti-ageing technology is deeper than we might think. But as the science advances, we need to think about
47、these changes now.“If this could ever happen, then wed better ask what kind of society we want to get, “ says Daniel Callahan. “We had better not go anywhere near it until we have figure those problems out. /（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the things that living longe
48、r might enable an individual to do?A. Spending more time with his family.B. Having more education.C. Realizing more dreams.D. Working longer.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following is implied in the sixth paragraph?A. Marriages in the US today are quite unstable.B. More and more people in the US
49、 today want to get married.C. Living longer would make it easier for people to maintain their marital ties.D. If people live longer, they would stay in marriage longer.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).All of the following are possible effects living longer might have on working life EXCEPT _.A. communication between employers and employees would be more difficultB. more money would be used by employees in payment of their employeesC. the job market would be more competitiveD. it would be more difficult for young people to be
