1、职称英语卫生类 A、B、C 级综合试卷-45 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、第 4部分：阅读理解(总题数：10，分数：100.00)Kidney Disease and Heart Disease Spur Each OtherHearts and kidneys: If ones diseased, better keep a close eye on the other. Surprising new research shows kidney disease somehow speeds up heart disease well before it has
2、ravaged the kidneys. And perhaps not so surprising, doctors have finally proven that heart disease can trigger kidney destruction, too.The work, from two studies involving over 50,000 patients, promises to boost efforts to diagnose simmering kidney disease earlier. All it takes are urine and blood t
3、ests that cost less than $ 25, something proponents want to become as routine as cholesterol checks. “The average patient knows their cholesterol, “ says Dr. Peter McCullough, preventive medicine chief at Michigans William Beaumont Hospital. “The average patient has no idea of their kidney function.
4、 “Chronic kidney disease, or CKD, is a quiet epidemic: Many of the 19 million Americans estimated to have it dont know they do. The kidneys lose their ability to filter waste out of the bloodstream so slowly that symptoms arent obvious until the organs are very damaged. End-stage kidney failure is r
5、ising fast, with 400,000 people requiring dialysis or a transplant to survive, a toll that has doubled in each of the last two decades.And while CKD patients often are terrified of having to go on dialysis, the hard truth is that most will die of heart disease before their kidneys disintegrate to th
6、at point, something kidney specialists have recognized for several years but isnt widely known. Indeed, the new research is highlighted in this months Archives of Internal Medicine with a call for doctors who care for heart patients to start rigorously checking out the kidneys, and for better care o
7、f early kidney diseaseThe link sounds logical. After all, high blood pressure and diabetes are chief risk factors for both chronic kidney disease and heart attacks. But the link goes beyond those risk factors, stresses McCullough: Once the kidneys begin to fail, something in turn accelerates heart d
8、isease, not just in the obviously sick or very old, but at what he calls “a shockingly early age. “ McCullough and colleagues tracked more than 37,000 relatively young people average age 53 who volunteered for a kidney screening. Three markers of kidney function were checked: the rate at which kidne
9、ys filter blood, called the GFR or glomerular filtration rate; levels of the protein albumin in the urine; and if they were anemic. They also were asked about previously diagnosed heart disease.The odds of having heart disease rose steadily as each of the kidney markers worsened. More striking was t
10、he death data. At this age, few deaths are expected, and indeed just 191 people died during the study period. But those who had both CKD and known heart disease had a threefold increased risk of death in a mere （分数：10.00）(1).How can one learn earlier whether he or she suffer simmering kidney disease
11、?A. By cholesterol checks.B. By urine and blood tests.C. By keeping a close eye on ones kidneys.D. By measuring the volume of urine output.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).How many Americans suffer chronic kidney disease according to an estimation?A. 19,000,000. B. 400,000.C. 50,000. D. 37,000.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.
12、(3).How many Americans suffered end-stage kidney failure and required dialysis or a transplant to survive twenty years ago according to an estimation?A. 400,000. B. 300,000.C. 200,000. D. 100,000.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What did the Archives of Internal Medicine call for doctors caring for heart patien
13、ts to do?A. To examine their patients heart function carefully.B. To have their patients chests X-rayed regularly.C. To select volunteers from their patients for a kidney screening.D. To start rigorously checking out their patients kidneys.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following is NOT one of th
14、e three markers of kidney function?A. Levels of the protein albumin in the urine.B. Levels of the white blood cells in the blood.C. The rate at which kidneys filter blood.D. Whether one is anemic or not.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.More about Alzheimers DiseaseScientists have developed skin tests that may be us
15、ed in the future to identify people with Alzheimers disease and may ultimately allow physicians to predict who is at risk of getting this neurological disorder.The only current means of diagnosing the disease in a living patient is a long and expensive series of tests that eliminate every other caus
16、e of dementia.“Since Alois Alzheimer described the disease nearly a century ago, people have been trying to find a way to accurately diagnose it in its early stages, “ said Patricia Grady, acting director of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Bethesda, Maryland. “This dis
17、covery, if confirmed, could prove a big step forward in our efforts to deal with and understand the disease. “Alzheimers is the single greatest cause of mental deterioration in older people, affecting between 2.5 million and 4 million people in the United States alone. The devastating disorder gradu
18、ally destroys memory and the ability to function, and eventually causes death. There is currently no known treatment for the disease.Researches discovered that the skin cells of Alzheimers patients have defects that interfere with their ability to regulate the flow of potassium in and out of the cel
19、ls. The fact that the cell defects are present in the skin suggests that Alzheimers results from physiological changes throughout the body, and that dementia may be the first noticeable effect of these changes as the defects affect the cells in the brain, scientists said.The flow of potassium is esp
20、ecially critical in cells responsible for memory formation. The scientists also found two other defects that affect the cells supply of calcium, another critical element.One test developed by researches calls for growing skin cells in a laboratory culture and then testing them with an electrical det
21、ector to determine if the microscopic tunnels that govern the flow of potassium are open. Open potassium channels create a unique electrical signature.A. spokesman for the Alzheimers Association said that if the validity of the diagnostic test can be proven it would be an important development, but
22、cautioned that other promising tests for Alzheimers have been disappointing.（分数：10.00）(1).The newly developed skin tests may be used in the future to allow doctors to _.A. cure those with Alzheimers diseaseB. discover the cause of Alzheimers diseaseC. predict who might get Alzheimers diseaseD. find
23、the consequences of Alzheimers disease（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The passage indicates that Alzheimers is a disease _.A. common to people, old and youngB. not costly to be curedC. easy to be handledD. not easy to be diagnosed（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the following statements about the Alzheimers disea
24、se is NOT true?A. It was so named because Alois Alzheimer first described it.B. It is the greatest cause of mental deterioration in older people.C. It can gradually destroy memory and eventually cause death.D. There are many ways to deal with and cure the disease now.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What is the
25、 relationship between Alzheimers and dementia?A. Dementia is one of the signs of Alzheimers.B. Alzheimers is one of the causes of dementia.C. They are two completely different diseases.D. They are similar defects of the human brain.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The last paragraph implies that the diagnostic
26、test _.A. will not be as promising as othersB. is a very important developmentC. may not be proven valid smoothlyD. will surely be disappointing in the end（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.Education of Students with Vision ImpairmentsThis is specially designed education for children who are either partially sighted
27、or blind. Vision impairments are diagnosed by medical doctors who examine the physical structures in the eye and evaluate the childs ability to see shapes of different sizes at various distances. In the United States, approximately 12 out of 1,000 children receive some form of special education beca
28、use of visual impairments.Partially sighted children may use a variety of adaptive aids to see more clearly and to read printed text. These aids include magnifiers, which may be attached to eyeglasses; electronic systems for enlarging print and making it easier to see; and large-print books. Blind c
29、hildren usually are taught to read Braille, a system of raised dots embossed on paper and read by touch. In the past, turning conventional books into pages of Braille was very time-consuming, and the large books required enormous storage areas. However, most Braille texts are now done electronically
30、. Many students read paperless Braille with the aid of machines that mechanically raise the dots in a small panel as the reader progresses through the text. Because Braille cannot be read very rapidly, many blind students prefer to listen to books being read on tapes. Some students also use reading
31、machines equipped with cameras that scan lines of print, which computers then convert to synthesized speech.Many blind and partially sighted children receive orientation and mobility training as a part of their education. Specialists teach them how to travel independently in their schools and commun
32、ities, often with an aid, such as a cane.Most children with vision impairments are educated in schools within their communities. Vision specialists may provide special materials and equipment, help teachers and classmates understand the childrens condition, and possibly provide additional instructio
33、n. The specialists may also teach partially sighted children how to use their remaining vision more effectively and instruct them in the use of adaptive aids.Some children with vision impairments attend special schools designed to meet their particular needs. Like boarding schools, these schools oft
34、en provide residential services as well as educational programs. They also have specially designed facilities, which may not be found in neighborhood schools, for blind children to participate in athletics and other activities.The education of many children with vision impairments is further complic
35、ated by their having other disabilities, such as physical disabilities, developmental impairments, or hearing loss.（分数：10.00）(1).Various adaptive aids are used to _.A. cure children of their vision impairmentsB. help children see more clearly, read books and so onC. teach children how to turn Braill
36、e into synthesized speechD. teach children how to use their remaining vision more effectively（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Large-print books are those books which _.A. are printed with large pagesB. have large words in themC. can be read by using a magnifierD. can be read with the aid of machines（分数：2.00）A.B
37、.C.D.(3).Many blind students prefer listening to books because _.A. these books can talk by themselvesB. the synthesized speech is very interestingC. this can save timeD. these students are lazy（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).“Orientation and mobility training“ is meant to teach blind and partially sighted chi
38、ldren _.A. how to complete their educationB. how to use a caneC. how to move around without other peoples helpD. how to help other people to travel independently（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).It may be good for children with vision impairments to live in special schools because these schools _.A. can save the
39、m the trouble of coming from and going back to their homesB. are built of nice wooden boards and so are clean and comfortableC. have educational programs for the blindD. offer training in vocational skills rather than academic skills（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.Water PollutionThe demand for freshwater rises con
40、tinuously as the worlds population grows. From 1940 to 1990, withdrawal of fresh water from rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and other sources has increased fourfold. Of the water consumed each year, 69 percent is used for agriculture, 23 percent for industry, and 8 percent for domestic uses.Sewage, indus
41、trial wastes, and agricultural chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides are the main causes of water pollution. In 1995, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported that about 37 percent of the countrys lakes and estuaries, and 36 percent of its rivers. are too polluted for basic uses
42、such as fishing or swimming, during all or part of the year. In developing nations, over 95 percent of urban sewage is discharged untreated into rivers and bays, creating a major human health hazard.Water runoff carries fertilizing chemicals such as phosphates and nitrates from agricultural fields a
43、nd yards into lakes, streams, and rivers. These combine with the phosphates and nitrates from sewage to speed the growth of algae, a type of aquatic plant. The water body may then become choked with decaying algae, which severely depletes the oxygen supply. This process can cause the death of fish a
44、nd other aquatic life. Runoff also carries toxic pesticides and urban and industrial wastes into lakes and streams.Erosion, the wearing away of topsoil by wind and rain, also contributes to water pollution. Soil and silt washed from logged hillsides, plowed fields, or construction sites, can clog wa
45、terways and kill aquatic vegetation. Even small amounts of silt can eliminate desirable fish species. “ For example, when logging removes the protective plant cover from hillsides. rain may wash soil and silt into streams, covering the gravel beds that trout or salmon use for spawning.The marine fis
46、heries supported by ocean ecosystems are an essential source of protein, particularly for people in developing countries; approximately 950 million people worldwide consume fish as their primary source of protein. Yet pollution in coastal bays, estuaries. and wetlands threatens fish stocks already d
47、epleted by overfishing. In 1989, 260,000 barrels of oil was spilled from the oil tanker Exxon Valdez into Alaskas Prince William Sound, a pristine and rich fishing ground. In 1992 there were 8,790 reported spills in and around US waters, involving 5.7 million liters (1.5 million gallons) of oil.（分数：
48、10.00）(1).According to this passage, which of the following statements is true of yearly water consumption?A. Most water is used for home cooking.B. Most water is used for farming.C. Cities use more water than rural areas.D. America uses 8 percent of the world water resources.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Pa
49、ragraph 2 suggests all of the following EXCEPT that _.A. fish may die because rivers may contain industrial wastesB. it may be dangerous to swim in a river because the water may contain pesticidesC. EPA is responsible for causing serious water pollution in AmericaD. water pollution is rather serious in America（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Water runoff causes fish to die partly because _.A. they are rushed into agricultural fields and yardsB. they are choked by the water bodyC. the poisonous algae have killed themD. t
