1、职称英语卫生类 A、B、C 级综合试卷-44 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、第 5 部分：补全对话(总题数：7，分数：100.00)Weight Worries May Start Early for Slim WomenThere is a range of reasons why thin women think theyre too heavy, but the distorted body image may often have its roots in childhood, the results of a new study suggest.Resea
2、rchers found that among more than 2,400 thin women they surveyed, nearly 10 percent thought they were too heavy. (1) According to the study authors, led by Dr. Susanne Kruger Kjaer of the Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, societys “ideal“ female body is moving toward an underweight physique. (2) To
3、 investigate body image among thin women, the researchers gave questionnaires to 2,443 women ages 27 to 38 whose body mass index was at the low end of normal. (3) Overall, almost 10 percent of the women thought they were too heavy. Those who reported certain “severe life events“ in childhood or adol
4、escence, such as having a parent become ill or having their educational hopes dashed, were more likely than others to have a distorted body image. (4) In contrast, traumatic events in adulthood, such as serious illness or significant marital problems, were not related to poor body image, the researc
5、hers report. (5) A. The same was true of women who started having sex or drinking alcohol when they were younger than 15 years old.B. Experiences in childhood, including having an ill parent, or starting to drink or have sex at a particularly young age, were among the risk factors for having a disto
6、rted body image.C. “Our results indicate that the risk of being dissatisfied with ( ones) own body weight may be established early in life, “ Kjaer and her colleagues write.D. Research suggests that many normal-weight women wish to weigh less.E. If worries have altered your appetite or weight, it wi
7、ll help to talk to someone about it.F. The women were asked about factors ranging from childhood experiences to current exercise habits.（分数：15.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_BedwettingMillions of kids and teenagers from every part of the world wet the bed every single night. Its so common tha
8、t there are probably other kids in your class who do it. Most kids dont tell their friends, so its easy to feel kind of alone, like you might be the only one on the whole planet who wets the bed. (1) The fancy name for bedwetting is nocturnal enuresis. Enuresis runs in families. This means that if y
9、ou urinate, or pee, while you are asleep, theres a good chance that a close relative also did it when he or she was a kid. (2) The most important thing to remember is that no one wets t e bed on purpose. It doesnt mean that youre lazy or a slob. (3) For some reason. kids who wet the bed are not able
10、 to feel that their bladder is full and dont wake up to pee in the toilet. Sometimes a kid who wets the bed will have a realistic dream that hes in the bathroom peeing only to wake up later and discover hes all wet. “Many kids who wet the bed are very deep sleepers. (4) Some kids who wet the bed do
11、it every single night. Others wet some nights and are dry on others. A lot of kids say that they seem to be drier when they sleep at a friends or a relatives house. (5) So the brain may be thinking, “Hey, you! Dont wet someone elses bed!“ This can help you stay dry even if youre not aware of it.A. T
12、he good news is that almost all kids who wet the bed eventually stop.B. Trying to wake up someone who wets the bed is often like trying to wake a log they just stay asleep.C. Its something you cant help doing. D. Just like you may have inherited your moms blue eyes or your uncles long legs, you prob
13、ably inherited bedwetting, too.E. Thats because kids who are anxious about wetting the bed may not sleep much or only very lightly.F. But you are not alone.（分数：15.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_What Makes Me the Weight I Am?Theres no easy answer to this question. Your genetic makeup, the phys
14、ical traits that get passed down to you from your parents, plays a big part in determining your size and weight. (1) But if your parents are smaller than average, you may want to rethink that professional basketball career!The same goes for your body type. Have you ever heard someone say a person is
15、 “big boned“ ? Its a way of saying the person has a large frame, or skeleton. Big bones usually weigh more than small bones. (2) Like your height or body type, your genes have a lot to say about what your weight will be. But thats only part of the story. Being overweight can run in someones family,
16、but it may not be because of their genes. (3) And even though some kids gain weight more easily than others, when they eat right and exercise, most kids can be a healthy and happy weight thats right for them. Its true the way you live can change the way you look.How much you weigh is a balance betwe
17、en the calories you eat and the calories you use. (4) If you spend your free time watching TV, your body wont use as many calories as it would if you played basketball, skated, or went for a walk. If you are in balance, your weight will stay right for you as you grow. But if you eat more and exercis
18、e less, you may become overweight. (5) A. Thats why its possible for two kids with the same height, but different weights, to both be the right weight.B. If you eat more calories than your body needs to use, you will gain too much weight.C. Poor eating and exercise habits also run in families and th
19、is may be the reason the members of a family are overweight.D. However, many overweight people have difficulty reaching their healthy body weight.E. On the other hand, if you eat less and exercise more, you may lose weight.F. If both your parents are tall, there is a good chance youll be tall.（分数：15
20、.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_The Bilingual BrainWhen Karl Kim immigrated to the United States from Korea s a teenager, he had a hard time learning English. Now he speaks it fluently, and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brains adapt to a second language. As a graduate student, Ki
21、m worked in the lab of Joy Hirsch, a neuroscientist in New York. (1) They found evidence that children and adults dont use the same parts of the brain when they learn a second language.The researchers used an instrument called an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scanner to study the brains of two gr
22、oups of bilingual people. (2) . The other consisted of people who, like Kim. learned their second language later in life. People from both groups were placed inside the MRI scanner. This allowed Kim and Hirsch to see which parts of the brain were getting more blood and were more active. They asked p
23、eople from both groups to think about what they had done the day before, first in one language and then the other. They couldnt speak out loud because any movement would disrupt the scanning.Kim and Hirsch looked specifically at two language centers in the brain Brocas area, which is believed to con
24、trol speech production, an Wernickes area, which is thought to process meaning. Kim and Hirsch found that both groups of people used the same part of Wernickes area no matter what language they were speaking. (3) People who learned a second language as children used the same region in Brocas area fo
25、r both their first and second languages. People who learned a second language later in life used a different part of Brocas area for their second language. (4) Hirsch believes that when language is first being programmed in young children, their brains may mix the sounds and structures of all langua
26、ges in the same area. Once that programming is complete, the processing of a new language must be taken over by a different part of the brain.A. second possibility is simply that we may acquire languages differently as children than we do as adults. Hirsch thinks that mothers teach a baby to speak b
27、y using different methods involving touch, sound, and sight. (5) A. But their use of Brocas area was different.B. One group consisted of those who had learned a second language as children.C. How does Hirsch explain this difference?D. We use special parts of the brain for language learning.E. And th
28、at is very different from learning a language in a high school or college class.F. Their work led to an important discovery.（分数：15.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_Chest Compressions: Most Important of CPRCardiopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR, can save the life of someone whose heart has stoppe
29、d. The condition is called cardiac arrest. The heart stops pumping blood. The person stops breathing. Without lifesaving measures, the brain starts to die within four to six minutes. CPR combines breathing into the victims mouth and repeated presses on the chest. (1) However, a new Japanese study qu
30、estions the usefulness of mouth-to-mouth breathing. The study was published in the British medical magazine, The Lancet3 Doctors in Tokyo led the research. It examined more than four thousand people who had suffered cardiac arrest. In all the cases, witnesses saw the event happen.More than one thous
31、and of the victims received some kind of medical assistance from witnesses. Seven hundred and twelve received CPR. Four hundred and thirty-nine received chest presses only. (2) The researchers say any kind of CPR improved chances of the patients survival. But, they said those people treated with onl
32、y chest presses suffered less brain damage. Twenty-two percent survived with good brain ability. (3) The American Heart Association changed its guidelines for CPR chest presses in 2005. (4) Gordon Ewy is a heart doctor at the University of Arizona College of Medicine in Tucson. He wrote a report tha
33、t appeared with the study. Doctor Ewy thinks the CPR guidelines should be changed again. He said the heart association should remove rescue breaths from the guidelines. He argues that more witnesses to cardiac arrests would provide treatment if rescue breaths are not a part of CPR. He says this woul
34、d save lives. (5) Cardiac arrest kills more than 300, 000 people in the United States every year. The American Heart Association says about ninety-five percent of victims die before they get to a medical center.A. So far, we have not known exactly yet whether mouth-to-mouth breathing is really usele
35、ss in CPR.B. Only ten percent of the victims treated with traditional CPR survived with good brain ability.C. CPR keeps blood and oxygen flowing to the heart and brain.D. His studies show that many people do not want to perform mouth-to-mouth breathing on a stranger for fear of getting a disease.E.
36、It said people should increase the number of chest presses from fifteen to thirty for every two breaths given.F. No mouth-to-mouth rescue breaths were given to them.（分数：15.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_Why Do People Shrink?Did you ever see the movie Honey, I Shrunk the Kids? Its about a wack
37、y dad ( whos also a scientist) who accidentally shrinks his kids with his homemade miniaturizing invention. Oops! (1) For older people, shrinking isnt that dramatic or sudden at all. It takes place over years and may add up to only an inch or so off of their adult height (maybe a little more, maybe
38、less). And this kind of shrinking cant be magically reversed, although there are things that can be done to stop it or slow it down. (2) There are a few reasons. As people get older, they generally lose some muscle and fat from their bodies as part of the natural aging process. Gravity (the force th
39、at keeps your feet or the ground) takes hold, and the bones in the spine, called vertebrae, may break down or degenerate, and start to collapse into one another. (3) But perhaps the most common reason why some older people shrink is because of osteoporosis.Osteoporosis occurs when too much spongy bo
40、ne tissue (which is found inside of most bones) is broken down and not enough new bone material is made. (4) Bones become smaller and weaker and can easily break if someone with osteoporosis is injured. Older people especially women, who generally have smaller and lighter bones to begin with are mor
41、e likely to develop osteoporosis. As years go by, a person with osteoporosis shrinks a little bit.Did you know that every day you do a shrinking act, too? You arent as tall at the end of the day as you are at the beginning. Thats because as the day goes on, water in the disks of the spine gets compr
42、essed (squeezed) due to gravity, making you just a tiny bit shorter. Dont worry, though. (5) A. They end up pressing closer together, which makes a person lose a little height and become shorter.B. Once you get a good nights rest, your body recovers, and the next morning, youre standing tall again !
43、C. Over time, bone is said to be lost because its not being replaced.D. Luckily, there are things that people can do to prevent shrinking.E. The kids spend the rest of the movie as tiny people who are barely visible while trying to get back to their normal size.F. But why does shrinking happen at al
44、l?（分数：15.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_Reinventing the TableAn earth scientist has rejigged the periodic table to make chemistry simpler to teach to students.(1) But Bruce Railsback from the University of Georgia says he is the first to create a table that breaks with tradition and shows the
45、 ions of each element rather than just the elements themselves.“I got tired of breaking my arms trying to explain the periodic table to earth students, “ he says, criss-crossing his hands in the air and pointing to different bits of a traditional table.(2) But he has added contour lines to charge de
46、nsity, helping to explain which ions react with which.“Geochemists just want an intuitive sense of whats going on with the elements, “ says Albert Galy from the University of Cambridge, (3) (4) He explains that sulphur, for example, shows up in three different spots one for sulphide, which is found
47、in minerals, one for sulphite, and one for sulphate, which is found in sea salt, for instance.He has also included symbols to show which ions are nutrients, and which are common in soil or water. (5) A. There have been many attempts to redesign the periodic table since Dmitri Mendeleev drew it up in
48、 I871.B. Railsback has still ordered the elements according to the number of protons they have.C. “I imagine this would be good for undergraduates. “D. Railsback has listed some elements more than once.E. And the size of elements symbol reflects how much of it is found in the Earths crust.F. The traditional periodic tab
