1、职称英语卫生类 A、B、C 级综合试卷-43 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、第 5部分：补全对话(总题数：8，分数：100.00)Research Shows Walking Can Lift DepressionNew research by German scientists shows that author Charles Dickens was onto a good thing when he took long, brisk walks to relieve periodic bouts of depression. The author of Oli
2、ver Twist and David Copperfield would walk for hours in the 1860s as an antidote to intense feelings of sadness which alternated with restless euphoria. (1) Aerobic exercise like rapid walking can be more effective at lifting depression than drugs, reported the scientists led by Dr. Fernando Dimeo.
3、(2) The team found that in 10 of these patients drugs had failed to bring any substantial improvement. The team devised an exercise regime for the group that involved walking on a treadmill for 30 minutes every day. (3) The intensity of the training programme was stepped up as the heart rate adapted
4、. A measurement of depression severity was taken at the start and the end of the programme, and patients were asked to rate their own mood regularly over a 10-day period. The researchers in Berlin found that after 10 days of the course six patients felt “substantially less depressed“. (4) Two were s
5、lightly less depressed, while four others remained unchanged. Depression levels overall fell by a third and on the self-assessed scores by 25 per cent, said the researchers whose findings appeared in the British Journal of Sports Medicine.The study was small but the extent of the improvement was sai
6、d by scientists to be impressive. (5) Nineteenth century doctors would have called Dickenss condition melancholia since the psychological condition of depression was unknown. Dickens biographer Peter Ackroyd says the authors son Charles remembers his fathers “heavy moods of deep depression“ and many
7、 times of “intense nervous irritability“ , something modern psychologists would certainly recognize.A. The number included five who had not found any relief using drug treatment.B. Long and brisk walks are not necessarily beneficial to every person.C. They studied 12 people with severe depression th
8、at had lasted an average of nine months.D. The outcome indicated a clinical benefit which could not be obtained with pharmacological treatment currently available, they said.E. This is also the advice that experts from the Free University in Berlin are giving today.F. According to the regime, intens
9、e activity lasting three minutes was alternated with walking at half speed for three minutes.（分数：12.50）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_U. S. European Drug Officials Approve Inhaled InsulinA. form of insulin for people with diabetes to take by mouth is expected to be sold within a few months. The
10、new medicine is called Exubera. The United States Food and Drug Administration and the European Commission both recently approved it for adults. It could make life easier for many diabetics who require daily injections of insulin to control their blood sugar levels. But it will not replace all insul
11、in injections. And it is not for everyone. People who smoke or have stopped smoking for less than six months should not take Exubera. (1) Three drug companies Pfizer, Sanofi-Aventis and Nektar Therapeutics developed the inhaled insulin. (2) Experts say about fifteen percent of diabetics who need ins
12、ulin do not take it. The treatment can involve several injections each day.Insulin is a hormone that the body uses to change food into energy. Failure to control blood sugar levels can lead to serious problems, including blindness and loss of blood flow to the feet. It can also lead to heart disease
13、, stroke and kidney failure. Insulin has been sold as a drug since the nineteen twenties. This is the first new way to take it. Exubera uses a powder breathed into the lungs through a mouthpiece. Pfizer will study the long-term effects. It says some patients have reported a mild cough while using th
14、e inhaled insulin. (3) Many people do not know they have diabetes. There are two forms. Most diabetics have the Type Two form. Their body does not make enough insulin or cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. (4) Most Type Two diabetics do not take insulin. Their medicines can be taken by m
15、outh. Diet, exercise and weight control are also important. Type One diabetes often begins in childhood. (5) Officials say diabetics with either type could use inhaled insulin, either before or after a meal. But Type One diabetics and some with Type Two would still need a longer-lasting injection at
16、 least once a day.A. With this type the body is unable to produce insulin.B. Pfizer recently bought the rights to sell it worldwide.C. The control of their blood sugar levels is most important for patients with diabetes.D. It is common in people who are overweight and not active.E. Some patients wit
17、h lung disease should not take it either.F. People are advised to have their lungs examined before using Exubera, and at least once a year after that.（分数：12.50）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_How Deafness Makes It Easier to HearMost people think of Beethovens hearing loss as an obstacle to compos
18、ing music. However, he produced his most powerful works in the last decade of his life when he was completely deaf.This is one of the most glorious cases of the triumph of will over adversity, but his biographer, Maynard Solomon, takes a different view. (1) . In his deaf world Beethoven could experi
19、ment, free from the sounds of the outside world, free to create new forms and harmonies.Hearing loss does not seem to affect the musical ability of musicians who become deaf. They continue to “hear“ music with as much, or greater, accuracy than if they were actually hearing it being played.(2) . He
20、described a fascinating phenomenon that happened within three months: “my former musical experiences began to play back to me. I couldnt differentiate between what I heard and real hearing. After many years, it is still rewarding to listen to these playbacks, to hear music which is new to me and to
21、find many quiet accompaniments for all of my moods. “How is it that the world we see, touch, hear, and smell is both “out there“ and at the same time within us? There is no better example of this connection between external stimulus and internal perception than the cochlear implant. (3) . However, i
22、t might be possible to use the brains remarkable power to make sense of the electrical signals the implant produces.When Michael Edgar first “switched on“ his cochlear implant, the sounds he heard were not at all clear. Gradually, with much hard work, he began to identify everyday sounds. For exampl
23、e, “ The insistent ringing of the telephone became clear almost at once.The primary purpose of the implant is to allow communication with others. When people spoke to Eagar, he heard their voices “coming through like a long-distance telephone call on a poor connection. “ But when it came to his belo
24、ved music, the implant was of no help. (4) . He said, “ l play the piano as I used to and hear it in my head at the same time. The movement of my fingers and the feel of the keys give added clarity to hearing in my head. “Cochlear implants allow the deaf to hear again in a way that is not perfect, b
25、ut which can change their lives. (5) . Even the most amazing cochlear implants would have been useless to Beethoven as he composed his Ninth Symphony at the end of his life.A. No man-made device could replace the ability to hear.B. When he wanted to appreciate music, Eagar played the piano.C. Still,
26、 as Michael Eagar discovered, when it comes to musical harmonies, hearing is irrelevant.D. Michael Eagar, who died in 2003, became deaf at the age of 21.E. Beethoven produced his most wonderful works after he became deaf.F. Solomon argues that Beethovens deafness “heightened“ his achievement as a co
27、mposer.（分数：12.50）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_LeukemiaLeukemia is the most common type of cancer kids get, but it is still very rare. Leukemia involves the blood and blood-forming organs, such as the bone marrow. (1) A. kid with leukemia produces lots of abnormal white blood cells in the bone
28、marrow. Usually, white blood cells fight infection, but the white blood cells in a person with leukemia dont work the way theyre supposed to. (2) The abnormal white blood cells multiply out of control, filling the bone marrow and making it hard for enough normal, infection-fighting white blood cells
29、 to form. Other blood cells such as red blood cells ( that carry oxygen in the blood to the bodys tissues) and platelets (that allow blood to clot) are also crowded out by the white blood cells of leukemia. These cancer cells may also move to other parts of the body, including the bloodstream, where
30、 they continue to multiply and build up.Although leukemia can make kids sick, most of the time it is treatable, and kids get better. Almost all leukemia patients are treated with chemotherapy, which means using anti-cancer drugs. (3) Chemotherapy quickly goes to work, traveling through the blood to
31、the bone marrow. There, the drugs can attack the cancer cells. After several weeks of chemotherapy, many kids begin to feel better.Some children with leukemia will also have to have radiation therapy, too. (4) If the cancer isnt getting better from using the usual amounts of chemotherapy and radiati
32、on, then a kid with leukemia will probably need more treatment with higher doses of chemotherapy and radiation to finally kill the cancer cells. But this heavy-duty treatment will also harm the normal cells in the kids bone marrow too, and the bone marrow will no longer be able to produce normal blo
33、od cells. So, doctors will then give a kid or anyone else with bone marrow that is no longer working normal bone marrow tissue from someone else who is healthy. (5) A. The chemotherapy drugs are given through a catheter, a narrow tube that is inserted into a blood vessel, sometimes in the kids upper
34、 chest.B. Early symptoms of leukemia are often overlooked, since they may resemble symptoms of the flu or other common diseases.C. This is a special procedure called a bone marrow transplant, and it helps the patient make new blood cells so they can recover from the leukemia.D. Bone marrow is the in
35、nermost part of some bones where blood cells are first made.E. They dont protect the person from infections very well.F. Radiation therapy uses invisible high-energy waves (similar to X-rays) to kill cancerous cells.（分数：12.50）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_More Efforts Urged to Empower Women at
36、AIDS ConferencePrevention is a central issue being discussed at the sixteenth International AIDS Conference in Toronto, Canada. Twenty-four thousand delegates are at the conference which ends Friday.Bill and Melinda Gates called for faster research to develop preventions like microbicides for women
37、to use when they have sex. (1) Melinda Gates said the way to “change this epidemic“ is to put power in the hands of women. In southern Africa, for example, about sixty percent of adults living with HIV are women. Bill Gates said women today often have no choice but to depend on men not to infect the
38、m. “A woman should never need her partners permission to save her own life, “ he said as the conference opened Sunday. (2) On Monday, former President Bill Clinton said more people would get tested for HIV if an aggressive effort took place to fight the stigma. But reducing fears of social rejection
39、 is not enough. (3) Researchers at the conference presented the results of a new study of HIV testing. It involved more than one hundred thousand people tested in California last year. Some received a quick test, with results in about twenty minutes. The others received a test that is more commonly
40、used; the results takes two weeks. The researchers say twenty-five percent of the people who had the longer test did not return to learn the results. (4) George Lemp of the University of California led the study. He says quick tests could be especially important in developing countries with limited
41、transportation.Speakers at the AIDS conference also discussed high rates of new HIV infections among black Americans. Julian Bond is chairman of the NAACP, a leading civil rights group. (5) Public health officials say half of all new HIV infections in the United States are in blacks. African-America
42、n delegates at the conference said they will prepare a five-year plan to reduce infection rates and increase testing.A. The chairman said African-Americans must, in his words, “face the fact that AIDS has become a black disease. “B. Mr. Clinton said people also need a guarantee they would get medici
43、ne to suppress the virus.C. Delegates at the conference have worked out an action plan to fight the wide spread of this terrible disease all over the world.D. They hoped that such products could protect against infection with the virus that causes AIDS.E. The worlds richest man said “stopping AIDS“
44、is the top priority of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.F. But that was true of only two percent of those who had the quick test.（分数：12.50）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_What Is Insulin-dependent Diabetes?When you eat, your body takes the sugar from food and turns it into fuel. (1) Your bod
45、y uses glucose for energy, so it can do everything from breathing air to playing a video game. But glucose cant be used by the body on its own it needs a hormone called insulin to bring it into the cells of the body.Most people get the insulin they need from the pancreas, a large organ near the stom
46、ach. The pancreas makes insulin; insulin brings glucose into the cells; and the body gets the energy it needs. When a person has insulin-dependent diabetes, its because the pancreas is not making insulin. So someone could be eating lots of food and getting all the glucose he needs, but without insul
47、in, there is no way for the body to use the glucose for energy. (2) You may have heard older people talk about having diabetes, maybe people of your grandparents age. Usually, this is a different kind of diabetes called non-insulin-dependent diabetes. It can also be called Type 2 diabetes, or adult-
48、onset diabetes. (3) When a kid is diagnosed with juvenile (insulin-dependent) diabetes, he will have that type of diabetes for his whole life. It wont ever change to non-insulin-dependent diabetes when he gets older.Scientists now think that a person who has juvenile diabetes was born with a certain gene or genes that made the person more likely to get the illness. (4) Many scientists believe that along with having certain genes,
