1、职称英语卫生类 A、B、C 级综合试卷-23 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、第 1部分：词汇选项(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.Mosquitoes generally breed in swampy areas. A. always B. usually C. rarely D. never（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.2.Each member of the committee helped to gather the information contained in the report. A. surmount B. consign C. comp
2、ile D. devise（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.3.Since rhetoric is the art of calculated polemic and has persuasion as its goal, can it be considered a verbal science? A. competition B. objective C. subject D. core（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.4.Solar energy is generated as protons fuse to form helium atoms. A. bred B. conceived
3、 C. developed D. produced（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.5.In recent years people have become interested in purchasing gemstones for investment. A. works of arts B. rural land C. houses D. jewels（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.6.Alice Walkers graphic depiction of the lives of Black people in the south has established her as one
4、of the most promising contemporary writers in the United States. A. optimistic B. humorous C. somber D. vivid（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.7.Cattle graze on the dry uplands of the island of Hawaii. A. wander B. breed C. feed D. exercise（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.8.That is a problem really beyond my grasp. A. concentration
5、 B. comprehension C. compliment D. compromise（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.9.Anthropologist Barbara Myerhoff furthered her reputation as an authority on Native American culture with her study of the symbols, myths, and rituals of the Huichols. A. deserved B. retained C. renewed D. advanced（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.10.Ten
6、nessee possesses many caverns with gorgeous rock formations. A. beautiful B. large C. significant D. flat（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.11.When a liquid boils, it becomes a gas. A. vapor B. danger C. fuel D. bubble（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.12.The earthquake left huge gaps in the citys streets. A. debris B. crevices C. bui
7、ldings D. electric lines（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.13.A major characteristic of parliamentary governments is the fusion of executive and legislative powers in one body. A. fixing B. strength C. union D. alignment（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.14.The demand for videodisc systems is expected to be very great in future years.
8、 A. prosperous B. alternate C. coming D. retirement（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.15.The transportation of goods and people from place to place continues to gain in efficiency through technology. A. vehicles B. boxes C. commodities D. machines（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.二、第 2部分：阅读判断(总题数：1，分数：7.00)Dining CustomEvery land has
9、 its own dining custom, and the United States is no exception. Americans feel that the first rule of being a polite guest is to be on time. If a person is invited to dinner at 6:30, the hostess expects him to be there at 6:30 or not more than a few minutes after. Because she usually does her own coo
10、king, she times the meal so that the coffee and meat will be at their best at the time she asks the guest to come. If he is late, the food will not be so good, and the hostess will be disappointed. When the guest cannot come on time, he calls his host or hostess on the telephone, gives the reason, a
11、nd tells at what time he thinks he can come.As guests continue to arrive, the men in the group stand when a woman enters and remain standing until she has found a chair. A man always rises when he is being introduced to a woman. A woman does not rise when she is being introduced either to a man or a
12、 woman unless the woman is much older.When the guests sit down at a dinner table, it is customary for the men to help the ladies by pushing their chairs under them.Even an American may be confused by the number of knives, forks, and spoons beside his plate when he sits down to a formal dinner. The r
13、ule is simple, however: use them in the order in which they lie, beginning from the outside. Or watch the hostess and do what she does. The small fork on the outside on the left is for salad, which is often served with the soup. The spoon on the outside at the right is for soup, and so on. Sometimes
14、 there is a separate little knife, called a butter spreader, on a small bread-and-butter plate at the left. As the bread is passed, each guest puts his piece on the bread-and-butter plate.（分数：7.00）(1).As a country of immigrants, the U. S. does not have its own dining customs.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC
15、.Not mentioned(2).The guest is expected to arrive on time because the coffee and meat will be at their best at the time he is required to come.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(3).A woman usually rises when she is being introduced to an aged gentleman.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(4).A
16、t a dinner table, it is customary for the men to arrange chairs for ladies.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(5).At formal American dinner, the knives, forks, and spoons beside the plate are placed in a certain order.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(6).The right order to use the knives, fo
17、rks and spoons at a formal dinner is from the left to the right.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(7).At a formal dinner, bread is usually served together with salad and soup.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned三、第 3部分：概括大意与完成句子(总题数：2，分数：8.00) A. The future of English B. The speed of the sprea
18、d of English C. The role played by culture and the net D. The role played by military expansion E. The role played by education F. The 2,000 years of English（分数：4.00）(1).Paragraph 2 1（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).Paragraph 3 1（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).Paragraph 5 1（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).Paragraph 6 1（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ A
19、. because of their similarity B. that we would not be able to understand it at all. C. to the popularization of English as a world languageD the trend to become a global languageE. what once happened to LatinF. but the speed with which（分数：4.00）(1).The kind of English spoken 1,500 years ago was so di
20、fferent from the English we speak today _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).What impresses people most is not the increasing number of speakers of English found all over the world, _ the language has spread in the past half century or so.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).The two international organizations founded after the tw
21、o world was made their contributions _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).Crystal expresses the belief that in the future _ will not happen to English.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_四、第 4部分：阅读理解(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、第一篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Cultural CodeEvery culture attempts to create a “universe of discourse“ for its members, a way in wh
22、ich people can interpret their experience and convey it to one another. Without a common system of codifying sensations, life would be absurd and all efforts to share meanings doomed to failure. This universe of discourseone of the most precious of all cultural legaciesis transmitted to each generat
23、ion in part consciously and in part unconsciously. Parents and teachers give explicit instruction in it by praising or criticizing certain ways of dressing, of thinking, of gesturing, of responding to the acts of others. But the most significant aspects of any cultural code may be conveyed implicitl
24、y, not by rule or lesson but through modeling behavior. The child is surrounded by others who, through the mere consistency of their actions as males and females, mothers and fathers, salesclerks and policemen, display what is appropriate behavior. Thus the grammar of any culture is sent and receive
25、d largely unconsciously, making ones own cultural assumptions and biases difficult to recognize. They seem so obviously right that they require no explanation.In The Open and Closed Mind, Milton Rokeach poses the problem of cultural understanding in its simplest form, but one that can readily demons
26、trate the complication of communication between cultures. It is called the “Denny Doodlebug Problem“. Readers are given all the rules that govern this culture: Denny is an animal that always faces North, and can move only by jumping; he can jump large distances or small distances, but can change dir
27、ection only after jumping four times I any direction; he can jump North, South, East or West, but not diagonally. Upon concluding a jump his master places some food three feet directly West of him. Surveying the situation, Denny concludes he must jump four times to reach the food. No more or less. A
28、nd he is right. All the reader has to do is to explain the circumstances that make his conclusion correct.The large majority of people who attempt this problem fail to solve it, despite the fact that they are given all the rules that control behavior in this culture. If there is difficulty in gettin
29、g inside the simplistic world of Denny Doodlebugwhere the cultural code has already been broken and handed to usimagine the complexity of comprehending behavior in societies whose codes have to yet been deciphered. And where even those who obey these codes are only vaguely aware and can rarely descr
30、ibe the underlying sources of their own actions.（分数：15.00）(1).We acquire the greater part of our cultural codes by_.（分数：3.00）A.creating a universe of discourseB.imitating the behavior of others, especially those of the previous generationC.sharing the same experiences with other peopleD.taking in th
31、e various information were given with no discrimination(2).What does “the grammar of any culture“ refer to in the first paragraph?（分数：3.00）A.The grammatical rules in the language used by the largest population in a culture.B.Rules in a culture that can be modeled on by another culture.C.Any rules th
32、at people in a culture receive throughout his life time.D.Rules and codes that shape ones cultural perspective and behavior.(3).By reading The Open and Closed Mind, we may _.（分数：3.00）A.find a way of solving the Denny Doodlebug problemB.realize how little we know about the complexity of human behavio
33、rC.bring to light codes of some societies which we didnt know beforeD.be aware of the difficulties of communications between different cultures(4).It can be inferred from the passage that _（分数：3.00）A.in some societies, peoples behaviors are not governed by cultural codesB.there are still societies w
34、hose cultural codes still remain a mystery to usC.once people accept a cultural code, theyll have a full understanding of their behaviorD.The Open and Closed Mind exerts great impact on peoples behavior(5).Which one of the following statements about cultural code is TRUE? _（分数：3.00）A.People in the s
35、ame society may be governed by different cultural codes.B.Cultural codes are passed on from one generation to another either in written form or in oral form or in both.C.Cultural codes in different cultures may differ sharply from one another.D.The influence of cultural codes on an individual may de
36、crease as he becomes older.六、第二篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)CorporationsA corporation is a firm owned by one or more individuals who own shares of stock that define ownership and rights to profits. Liability is limited to the value of corporation assets. Although corporations constitute the smallest category of
37、 business organization in the United States, they conduct most of the business. In 1998. corporations accounted for just 19 percent of the total number of firms in the economy but 90 percent of total business revenuers. From these numbers we can infer that many large firms are corporations and that
38、this form of business organization possesses certain advantages over the proprietorship and the partnership in conducting large-scale production and marketing.In a corporation, ownership is divided into equal parts called shares of stock. Shares are the equal portions into which ownership of a corpo
39、ration is divided. If any stockholder dies or sells out to a new owner, the existence of the business organization is not terminated or endangered as it is in a proprietorship or partnership. For this reason the corporation is said to possess the feature of continuity(连续性).Another feature that makes
40、 the corporation radically different from other forms of business organization is share transferabilitythe right of owners to transfer their shares by sale or gift without having to obtain the permission of other shareholders(股东). For many large organizations, shares of stock are traded on a stock m
41、arket such as the New York Stock Exchange. Other corporations, however, are smaller, and their shares are traded so seldom that they are not even listed on formal stock exchanges. The shares of these firms are traded by in- dependent stockbrokers(股票经纪人) on the over-the-counter market.Share transfera
42、bility is the most economically important feature of the corporation; in fact, share transferability is one reason for the origin of the corporation. It allows owners and managers to specialize, increasing efficiency and profitability in the firm. Owners of stock in a corporation do not need to be c
43、oncerned with the day-to-day operations of the firm. All that owners need to do is observe the changing price of the firms shares on the stock market to decide whether the company is being competently managed if they are dissatisfied with the performance of the company, they can sell their stock. Ma
44、nagers, on the other hand, specialize in reviewing the day-to-day operations of the corporation.Still another feature of the corporation is limited liability. Corporate shareholders are responsible for the debts or liabilities of the corporation only to the extent that they have invested in it. Many
45、 investors preferinvestments in which their risk of personal loss is strictly limited; the amount of direct investment in corporations is therefore increased as a result of the limited liability involved.（分数：15.00）(1).What is this passage mainly about? _（分数：3.00）A.The concept and features of corpora
46、tion.B.The difference between corporation and other forms of business organization.C.The advantages corporations Possess.D.The formation of a corporation.(2).One difference between a corporation and a partnership lies in _（分数：3.00）A.scale of operationB.profitabilityC.amount of fundsD.feature of cont
47、inuity(3).In the case of a corporation, the right to transfer shares is _.（分数：3.00）A.illegalB.legalC.flexibleD.inflexible(4).The passage implies that the price of the firms shares is an indication of its _.（分数：3.00）A.performanceB.earningsC.sizeD.profits(5).One defining feature of the corporation is
48、_.（分数：3.00）A.profitabilityB.credibilityC.efficiencyD.share of transferability七、第三篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Thirsty in KarachiAfter two weeks in Karachi, Im not sure whether to laugh or to cry. Either way, it involves water-or rather the lack of it.In Western Europe or the US, you only have to turn on the tap
49、 and youll see a jet of cold water, ready to drink, cook and bathe in, or wash the car. Turn on the tap in Karachi and youll be lucky to fill a few buckets. Until 1947 the city was part of British India, whose engineers built and maintained a modest water supply network for the citys 500,000 inhabitants. Toda
