1、雅思阅读十大领域之文化艺术篇及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part English-Chine(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.make accidental contact with（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_2.remote region（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_3.infectious disease（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_4.indigenous territory（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_5.white civilisation（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_6.general rule（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_7.a c
2、rushing disappointment（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_8.the horse-trading（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_9.tit-for-tat larceny（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_10.last-but-one（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_11.wear and tear（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_12.genetic diversity（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_13.notoriously unreliable（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_14.in the same geological instant（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_1
3、5.draw a long bow（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_二、BPart essay qu(总题数：9，分数：18.00)16.Read the first paragraph and try to find the fear of anthropologists and indigenous leaders.（分数：2.00）_17.According to Glauser, what possible effects may this expedition produce?（分数：2.00）_18.According to the passage, why is Chaco kno
4、wn as green hell?（分数：2.00）_19.What do you think about this kind of expedition?（分数：2.00）_20.According to the passage, what do people do in the game Secret Santa?（分数：2.00）_21.According to paragraphs H to J, what is the strategy of Ghosh and Mahdian?（分数：2.00）_22.What is magafauna according to the infor
5、mation in Paragraph A?（分数：2.00）_23.What is Professor Thornes multi-regional explanation in Paragraph C?（分数：2.00）_24.What are the three techniques Thorne used to date Mungo Man at 62,000 years old?（分数：2.00）_三、Part Actual Test(总题数：3，分数：67.00)You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which a
6、re based on Reading Passage 1 below.Natural History Museum Expedition Poses Genocide Threat to Paraguay TribesAnthropologists and indigenous leaders have warned that a Natural History Museum expedition to Paraguay could lead to genocide and are calling for it to be abandoned. They fear that the scie
7、ntists and their teams of assistants are likely to make accidental contact with isolated indigenous groups in the remote region they are planning to visit and could pass on infectious diseases.The expedition is due to set off in the next few days for two of the remotest regions of the vast dry fores
8、t known as the Gran Chaco, which stretches over northern Paraguay, Bolivia and Argentina. The expedition organisers hope to find several hundred new species of plants and insects. But the two sites where the British and Paraguayan teams of botanists, biologists and other scientists plan to stay in f
9、or up to a month are known to be home to groups of Ayoreo Indians. They live in voluntary isolation and reject and avoid all contact with Westerners, said Benno Glauser, director of leading indigenous peoples protection group Iniciativa Amotocodie.Glauser, with the backing of Ayoreo leaders who have
10、 left the forest in the last 20 years, has sent the museum more than 40 pieces of data showing the presence of isolated peoples in the Chovoreca and Cabrera Timane regions. According to our data, the expedition you plan constitutes beyond any doubt an extremely high risk for the integrity, safety an
11、d legal rights of life and self-determination of the isolated Ayoreo, as well as for the integrity and stability of their territories. There exists a considerable menace and risk also for the safety of the scientists taking part of the expedition, as well as the rest of expedition participants, says
12、 Glauser in a letter to the museum.Until about 1950 it is estimated that around 5,000 Ayoreo lived in the Chaco forest as isolated hunter-gatherers without contact with the ranchers and religious groups who were given land by the Paraguayan government. Since then almost all have left the forest afte
13、r being targeted by American missionaries. It is estimated that there are now only six or seven isolated groups numbering around 150 people in total. It is now the only place in South America outside the Amazon where uncontacted Indians still live.Ayoreo leaders who have settled near the town of Fil
14、adelfia in northern Paraguay this week appealed to the president of Paraguay and the Natural History Museum to abandon the expedition, saying that their relatives were in grave danger. Both of these regions belong to the Ayoreo indigenous territory. We know that our people still live in the forest a
15、nd they dont want to leave it to join white civilisation. He said there are at least three uncontacted groups in the area. If this expedition goes ahead we will not be able to understand why you prefer to lose human lives just because the English scientists want to study plants and animals. There is
16、 too much risk: the people in the forest die frequently from catching white peoples diseases. Because the white people leave their rubbish, their clothes, or other contaminated things. Its very serious. Its like a genocide, they said in a statement.According to Survival International, a NGO that cam
17、paigns for the rights of tribal peoples, contact with any isolated Indians would be disastrous for either party. Contact with isolated groups is invariably violent, sometimes fatal and always disastrous, said Jonathan Mazower, a spokesman. It is highly likely that there are small groups of isolated
18、Indians scattered throughout the Chaco. The only sensible thing to do is err on the side of caution because any accidental contact can be disastrous. This has happened before in the Chaco. On two previous occasions, in 1979 and 1986 expeditions were sent in by U.S. missionaries to bring out Indians
19、and people were killed on both occasions.The expedition, one of the largest undertaken by the museum in more than 50 years, has taken several years to plan and is believed to be costing more than 300,000. It hopes to map and record species of thousands of plants and insects, which will then go to lo
20、cal Paraguayan museums. Until last month, the museums website had claimed that the area the scientists will visit has not been explored by human beings. This created consternation in the Ayoreo communities. Some people say they are going to places in which no human being has ever been. That means we
21、 Ayoreo are not human beings, said one of the leaders in a statement to the Guardian. Our uncontacted brothers have the right to decide how they want to liveif they want to leave or not.The Chaco, known as green hell is one of the least hospitable but most biologically diverse places on Earth. The b
22、arely populated expanse of almost impenetrable forest is twice the size of the UK, but home to at least 3,400 plant species, 500 bird species, 150 species of mammals, 120 species of reptiles, and 100 species of amphibians. Jaguars, pumas, giant anteaters and giant otters are common.In a statement, t
23、he Natural History Museum said it had planned the expedition in conjunction with the Paraguayan government and would be working with Ayoreo Indians. It continued: We are delighted to be working with representatives of the indigenous people. This gives us a wonderful opportunity to combine traditiona
24、lly acquired knowledge with scientifically acquired knowledge to our mutual benefit. As with all expeditions, the team is continually reviewing the situation. Our primary concern is for the welfare of the members of the expedition team and the people of the Dry Chaco region.Guardian（分数：13.00）(1).Com
25、plete the summary using the list of words, A-Q, below. Write the correct letter, A-Q, in boxes on your answer sheet. Experts in the Natural History Museum plan to visit a place locating in northern Paraguay, Bolivia and Argentina which is called U U 1 /U /Uin the next period of time. The area is als
26、o known as U U 2 /U /UThe visiting reason is that it is the place where is full of U U 3 /U /Uand until now it has not been U U 4 /U /UIn this forest whose size is about U U 5 /U /Uof Britain, there are a wide variety of plants and animals, including Jaguars, U U 6 /U /Uand U U 7 /U /UHowever, due t
27、o the sudden contact, it not only brings the local indigenous people U U 8 /U /U, but also produces negative effects on the U U 9 /U /Uand U U 10 /U /Uof their territory. As for the visitors, travel is also not safe, as there were U U 11 /U /Uoccurred before in 1979 and 1986. Therefore, this U U 12
28、/U /Uexploration is proposed to abolish. A infection B giant anteaters C stability D high-risk E twice F explored G Gran Chaco H violence I giant otters J green hall K biodiversity L integrity M isolated N hospitable O indigenous P accidental Q half（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_
29、填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_(13).Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 13 on your answer sheet.Which of the following is the main idea of Reading Passage 1? A. The planned expedition of Natural History Museum to Paraguay has been banned. B. The expedit
30、ion of Natural History Museum may have negative effects on the Dry Chaco region. C. The expedition of Natural History Museum may be a wonderful opportunity for people to get a better understanding of the Dry Chaco region. D. There are really some people living in Ayereo, who can help researchers stu
31、dy the culture there.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.The Secret of Secret SantaA When it comes to Christmas presents, do you give as good as you get? Most people think they do. Even President Barack Obama is on record saying he goes one better. Heres the general rule: I give nicer stuff than I get, he told Oprah W
32、infrey in a pre-Christmas interview last year. That may seem ungrateful, but consider the implications. Most people believe that the gifts they get are not as good as the ones they give. No wonder Christmas is so often a crushing disappointment.B There is a better way: abandon the ritual of mutual g
33、ift-giving in favour of a much more rational system called secret Santa. The beauty of this is that you only have to buy one present for each social circle you belong to, rather than one for everyone you know.C In the original version of secret Santa each member of a groupcolleagues, sayis anonymous
34、ly assigned to buy a gift for another and give it to them at the Christmas party. Thankfully, that game has evolved into something more Machiavellian: thieving Santa, also known as dirty Santa or the Grinch game. As its name suggests, this revolves around theft and dirty tricks. In its simplest vers
35、ion, everybody buys a present costing between, say, 10 and 20. They then secretly deposit it, gift-wrapped, into a sack. To start the game, numbers are drawn out of a hat to decide the order of play.D Now the horse-trading begins. The first player must take a present from the sack and open it. The s
36、econd player then has a choiceopen a new present, or steal the already opened one. If they choose to steal, player 1 gets to open another present, but they are not allowed to steal their present straight back. Player 3 now enters the fray, either opening a new present or stealing an opened one, wher
37、eupon the victim gets to play again, either stealing a different present or opening another new one. And so it goes on until everybody has had a turn and there are no more unopened presents.E The system is not without its flaws, however. For example, if the first player opens a poor present they are
38、 likely to be stuck with it, while the player picked to go last has a good chance of getting a really good present, perhaps the best. For that reason there are many variants designed to spread the pain. One is to allow dispossessed players to steal a present back, although this tends to lead to endl
39、ess rounds of tit-for-tat larceny. Another is to set a limit on how many times an individual present can be stolen.F If you have never played thieving Santa, give it a go. Its fun. Fun, though, can be overrated. What you really want is to winand that means ending up with the best possible present. S
40、o how should you 8o about getting it? Imagine you are playing a game in which a present can only be stolen once and it is your turn. There are three opened presents on the table and four in the sack. One of the opened ones is not bad, and if you steal it you can keep it. But there may be even better
41、 ones in the sack, so why not gamble? Then again, if you open a really good present somebody is certain to steal it from you, and you risk ending up with something really terrible. What to do?G Here is where a strategy developed by game theorists Arpita Ghosh and Mohammad Mahdian of Yahoo Research i
42、n Santa Clara, California, can help. I heard about this game at a New Years party, from somebody who had just been playing it at Christmas, says Ghosh. I thought it would be fun to analyse.H Ghosh and Mahdian decided to play a simplified version of the game. Assuming certain thingsthat the players a
43、re sober, for example, and that everybody puts the same value on the same presents. They wanted to work out how to maximise the expected utility. Or, in English, to work out what you theoretically expect to get out of a transaction before it has happened. They started by thinking about the games fin
44、al round, where all but one of the players has had a turn and there is just one unopened present left in the sack. In this case the strategy is pretty obvious. If all the presents are worth somewhere between 10 and 20, the expected value of the final unopened present is 15. The rational strategy, therefore, is to look around the table and steal any present worth more than that. But remember, if the top present has been unwrapped it is likely to have been stolen already so you wont be able to have it. So if there isnt a present worth more than 15 that hasnt alr
