1、阅读理解-练习四及答案解析(总分：40.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Test 1(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、TEXT A(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Anyone who doubts that children are born with a healthy amount of ambition need spend only a few minutes with a baby eagerly learning to walk or a headstrong toddler starting to talk. No matter how many times the little
2、ones stumble in their initial efforts, most keep on trying, determined to master their amazing new skills. It is only several years later, around the start of middle or junior high school, many psychologists and teachers agree, that a good number of kids seem to lose their natural drive to succeed a
3、nd end up joining the ranks of underachievers. For the parents of such kids, whose own ambition is often inextricably tie to their childrens success, it can be a bewildering, painful experience. So its no wonder some parents find themselves hoping that, just maybe, ambition can be taught like any ot
4、her subject at school.Its not quite that simple. “Kids can be given the opportunities to become passionate about a subject or activity, but they cant be forced,“ says Jacquelynne Eccles, a psychology professor at the University of Michigan, who led a landmark, 25-year study examining what motivated
5、first- and seventh-graders in three school districts. Even so, a growing number of educators and psychologists do believe it is possible to unearth ambition in students who dont seem to have much. They say that by instilling confidence, encouraging some risk- taking, being accepting of failure and e
6、xpanding the areas in which children may be successful, both parents and teachers can reignite that innate desire to achieve.Figuring out Why the fire went out is the first step. Assuming that a kid doesnt suffer from an emotional or learning disability, or isnt involved in some family crisis at hom
7、e, many educators attribute a sudden lack of motivation to a fear of failure or peer pressure that conveys the message that doing well academically somehow isnt cool. “Kids get so caught up in the moment-to-moment issue of will they look smart or dumb, and it blocks them from thinking about the long
8、 term,“ says Carol Dweck, a psychology professor at Stanford. “You have to teach them that they are in charge of their intellectual growth.“The message is that everything is within the kids control, that their intelligence is malleable ,“ says Lisa Blackwell, a research scientist at Columbia Univers
9、ity who has worked with Dweck to develop and run the program, which has helped increase the students interest in school and turned around their declining math grades. “more than any teacher or workshop,“ Blackwell says, “parents can play a critical role in conveying this message to their children by
10、 praising their effort, strategy and progress rather than emphasizing their smartness or praising high performance alone. Most of all, parents should let their kids know that mistakes are a part of learning.“Some experts say the education system, with its strong emphasis on testing and rigid separat
11、ion of students into different levels of ability, also bears blame for the disappearance of drive on some kids.（分数：5.00）(1).According to the first paragraph, we can learn that _.（分数：1.00）A.children are born to be moderately ambitiousB.when they are at school, children are easy to lose ambitionC.ambi
12、tion is not connected with successD.ambition can be taught like other subjects at school(2).Which of the following is NOT true about Jacquelynne Eccles?（分数：1.00）A.He does long-term research on the motivation of students.B.His research is of great importance.C.Kids can become passionate about a subje
13、ct or activity even when they are not at first.D.It is possible to unearth ambition in students who dont seem to have muc(3).All of the following may lead to childrens lacking of motivation EXCEPT _.（分数：1.00）A.an emotional or learning inabilityB.being involved in some family crisisC.a fear of failur
14、e or peer pressureD.their being dumb(4).The word “malleable“ means _.（分数：1.00）A.changeableB.unchangeableC.shapedD.infinite(5).What is the authors tone in this passage?（分数：1.00）A.Ironic.B.Critical.C.Objective.D.Positiv三、TEXT B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)In spite of thousands of years of endeavor, little progress
15、has been made in the scientific understanding of dreams. This fact has been so universally acknowledged by previous writers on the subject that it seems hardly necessary to quote individual opinions. The reader will find, in many stimulating observations, and plenty of interesting material related t
16、o our subject, but little or nothing that concerns the true nature of the dream, or that solves definitely any of its enigmas. The educated layman, of course, knows even less of the matter.The conception of the dream that was held in prehistoric ages by primitive peoples, and the influence which it
17、may have exerted on the formation of their conceptions of the universe, and of the soul, is a theme of such great interest that it is only with reluctance that I refrain from dealing with it in these pages. I will refer the reader to the well-known works of Sir John Lubbock (Lord Avebury), Herbert S
18、pencer, E. B. Tylor and other writers; I will only add that we shall not realize the importance of these problems and speculations until we have completed the task of dream interpretation that lies before us.A reminiscence(回想，回忆) of the concept of the dream that was held in primitive times seems to
19、underlie the evaluation of the dream which was current among the peoples of classical antiquity. They took it for granted that dreams were related to the world of the supernatural beings in whom they believed, and that they brought inspirations from the gods and demons. Moreover, it appeared to them
20、 that dreams must serve a special purpose in respect of the dreamer; that, as a rule, they predicted the future. The extraordinary variations in the content of dreams, and in the impressions which they produced on the dreamer, made it, of course, very difficult to formulate a coherent conception of
21、them, and necessitated manifold differentiations and group-formations, according to value and reliability. The valuation of dreams by the individual philosophers of antiquity naturally depended on the importance which they were prepared to attribute to manticism in general.In the two works of Aristo
22、tle in which there is mention of dreams; they are already regarded as constituting a problem of psychology. We are told that dream is not god-sent, that it is not of divine but of demonic origin. For nature is really demonic, not divine; that is to say, the dream is not a supernatural revelation, bu
23、t is subject to the laws of the human spirit, which has, of course, a kinship with the divine. The dream is defined as the psychic activity of the sleeper, as he is asleep. Aristotle was acquainted with some of the characteristics of the dream-life; for example, he knew that a dream converts the sli
24、ght sensations perceived in sleep, into intense sensations (“one imagines that one is walking through fire, and feels hot, if this or that part of the body becomes only quite slightly warm“), which led him to conclude that dreams might easily betray to the physician the first indications of an incip
25、ient physical change which escaped observation during the day.（分数：5.00）(1).The author indicates at the beginning of the passage that _.（分数：1.00）A.few writers did research on the subject of dreamB.previous researchers were short of observations and material related to dreamC.little progress was achie
26、ved on the nature of dreamD.educated public hold a better understanding of dream(2).According to peoples of classic antiquity, which of the following is NOT true?（分数：1.00）A.Dreams were related to gods and devils.B.Dreams carried with them inspirations from gods and devils.C.Dreamers could know the f
27、uture through dreams.D.Dreams had nothing to do with the dreamer.(3).We can learn from the passage about all of the following EXCEPT that _.（分数：1.00）A.some writers wrote about the conception of the dream in their worksB.the author believed that dream interpretation was of importanceC.philosophers of
28、 antiquity connected dreams with the world of supernatural beingsD.Aristotle had a superstitious view of dream-life(4).The word “manticism“ in the third paragraph means _.（分数：1.00）A.future tellingB.fortuneC.moralD.conception(5).It can be inferred that the authors purpose in writing this passage is t
29、o _.（分数：1.00）A.satirize those who dont have a scientific understanding of dreamsB.illustrate that people know little about dreamsC.to make an account of different views on dreamD.to pay a tribute to Aristotle四、TEXT C(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Anyone living in the United States in the early 1990s and paying even
30、 a whisper of attention to the nightly news or a daily paper could be forgiven for having been scared out of his skin.The reason was crime. It had been rising relentlessly-a graph plotting the crime rate in any American city over recent decades looked like a ski slope in profile-and it seemed now to
31、 predict the end of the world as we knew it. Death by gunfire, intentional and otherwise, had become commonplace. So too had carjacking and crack dealing, robbery and rape. Violent crime was a gruesome, constant companion. And things were about to get even worse. Much worse. All the experts were say
32、ing so.The cause was the so-called super predator. For a time, he was everywhere. Glowering from the cover of newsweeklies, swaggering his way through foot-thick government reports, he was a scrawny, big-city teenager with a cheap gun in his hand and nothing in his heart but ruthlessness. There were
33、 thousands out there just like him, we were told, a generation of killers about to hurl the country into deepest chaos.In 1995 the criminologist James Alan Fox wrote a report for the U.S. attorney general that grimly detailed the coming spike in murders by teenagers. Fox proposed optimistic and pess
34、imistic scenarios. In the optimistic scenario, he believed, the rate of teen homicides would rise another 15 percent over the next decade; in the pessimistic scenario, it would more than double. “The next crime wave will get so bad,“ he said, “that it will make 1995 look like the good old days. “Oth
35、er criminologists, political scientists, and similarly learned forecasters laid out the same horrible future, as did President Clinton. “We know weve got about six years to turn this juvenile crime thing around,“ Clinton said, “or our country is going to be living with chaos. And my successors will
36、not be giving speeches about the wonderful opportunities of the global economy; they ll be trying to keep body and soul together for people on the streets of these cities.“ The smart money was plainly on the criminals.And then, instead of going up and up and up, crime began to fall. And fall and fal
37、l and fall some more. The crime drop was startling in several respects. It was ubiquitous, with every category of crime falling in every part of the country. It was persistent, with incremental decreases year after year. And it was entirely unanticipated-especially by the very experts who had been p
38、redicting the opposite.The magnitude of the reversal was astounding. The teenage murder rate, instead of rising 100 percent or even 15 percent as James Alan Fox had warned, fell more than 50 percent within five years. By 2000 the overall murder rate in the United States had dropped to its lowest lev
39、el in thirty-five years. So had the rate of just about every other sort of crime, from assault to car theft.Even though the experts had failed to anticipate the crime drop-which was in fact well under way even as they made their horrifying predictions-they now hurried to explain it. Most of their th
40、eories sounded perfectly logical. It was the roaring 1990s economy, they said, that helped turn back crime. It was the proliferation of gun control laws, they said. It was the sort of innovative policing strategies put into place in New York City, where murders would fall from 2,245 in 1990 to 596 i
41、n 2003.These theories were not only logical; they were also encouraging, for they attributed the crime drop to specific and recent human initiatives. If it was gun control and clever police strategies and better-paying jobs that quelled crime-well then, the power to stop criminals had been within ou
42、r reach all along. As it would be the next time, God forbid, that crime got so bad.These theories made their way, seemingly without question, from the experts mouths to journalists ears to the publics mind. In short course, they became conventional wisdom.（分数：5.00）(1).We can learn from the first two
43、 paragraphs about all of the following EXCEPT that _.（分数：1.00）A.Newspapers covered a lot of criminal reports in 1990sB.People were not afraid of the criminal factsC.The crime rate increased dramatically in those daysD.Experts held a pessimistic view of American future(2).“The so-called super predato
44、r“ in the third paragraph refers to _.（分数：1.00）A.a young man who was always reported by the newspaperB.a young man who carried a gun with himC.the cruel young criminalsD.the young men who hurled the country into deepest chaos(3).Which of the following is NOT true according to this passage?（分数：1.00）A
45、.James Alan Fox believed that crime rate would have a 15100 percent up over next decade.B.Many other experts predicted that American society would get worse.C.President Clinton worried about peoples security in future.D.The government budgeted less for criminal prevention.(4).The experts explained t
46、he unexpected crime drop as a result of _.（分数：1.00）A.the booming 1990s economyB.enforcement of gun control lawsC.new police strategiesD.all of the above(5).We can infer that the authors purpose of this passage is to _.（分数：1.00）A.bring forward his own opinion on the crime dropB.show his agreement of
47、the experts view of the crimeC.tell a fact of American crimeD.illustrate that American society is becoming safer and safer五、TEXT D(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Among the Plains Indians, two separate strains of decorative art evolved, the figurative, representational art created by the men of the tribe, and the geo
48、metric, abstract art crafted by the women. According to Dunn and Highwater, the artists sex governed both the kind of article to be decorated and the style to be followed in its ornamentation. Thus, the decorative works created by tribesmen consistently depict living creatures (men, horses, buffalo)
49、 or magical beings (ghosts and other supernatural life-forms). Those created by women, however, are clearly nonrepresentational: no figures of men or animals appear in this classically geometric art.Art historians theorize that this abstract, geometric art, traditionally the prerogative of the women, predates the figurative art of the men. Descending from those aspects of Woodland culture that gave rise to weaving, quillwork, and beadwork, it is a utilitarian art, intended for the embellishment of ordinary
